Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 3e

GTBL042-09 GTBL042-Callister-v3 October 4, 2007 11:53

2nd Revised Pages

298 • Chapter 9 / Failure

and then propagates, which results in fracture. Very small and virtually defect-free

metallic and ceramic whiskers have been grown with fracture strengths that approach

their theoretical values.

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 9.1

Maximum Flaw Length Computation

A relatively large plate of a glass is subjected to a tensile stress of 40 MPa. If

the specific surface energy and modulus of elasticity for this glass are 0.3 J/m^2

and 69 GPa, respectively, determine the maximum length of a surface flaw that

is possible without fracture.

Solution

To solve this problem it is necessary to employ Equation 9.3. Rearrangement

of this expression so thatais the dependent variable, and realizing thatσ= 40

MPa,γs=0.3 J/m^2 , andE=69 GPa lead to

a=

2 Eγs

πσ^2

=

(2)(69× 109 N/m^2 )(0.3 N/m)

π(40× 106 N/m^2 )

2

= 8. 2 × 10 −^6 m= 0 .0082 mm= 8. 2 μm

Fracture Toughness

Furthermore, using fracture mechanical principles, an expression has been developed

that relates this critical stress for crack propagation (σc) and crack length (a)as

Kc=Yσc

√

πa (9.4)

Fracture toughness—

dependence on

critical stress for

crack propagation

and crack length

fracture toughness In this expressionKcis thefracture toughness,a property that is a measure of a

material’s resistance to brittle fracture when a crack is present. Worth noting is that

Kchas the unusual units of MPa

√

m or psi

√

in.(alternatively, ksi

√

in.). Furthermore,

Yis a dimensionless parameter or function that depends on both crack and specimen

sizes and geometries, as well as the manner of load application.

Relative to thisYparameter, for planar specimens containing cracks that are

much shorter than the specimen width,Yhas a value of approximately unity. For

example, for a plate of infinite width having a through-thickness crack (Figure 9.9a),

Y=1.0; whereas for a plate of semi-infinite width containing an edge crack of length

a(Figure 9.9b),Y∼= 1. 1 .Mathematical expressions forYhave been determined

for a variety of crack-specimen geometries; these expressions are often relatively

complex.

For relatively thin specimens, the value ofKcwill depend on specimen thickness.

However, when specimen thickness is much greater than the crack dimensions,Kc

plane strain becomes independent of thickness; under these conditions a condition ofplane strain

exists. By plane strain we mean that when a load operates on a crack in the manner

represented in Figure 9.9a, there is no strain component perpendicular to the front