Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 3e

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6 • Chapter 1 / Introduction

Density (g/cm

3 ) (logarithmic scale)

40

20

10

8

6

4

2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.1

Metals

Platinum

Silver

Copper

Iron/Steel

Titanium

Aluminum

Magnesium

Composites

GFRC

CFRC

Woods

Polymers

PTFE

PVC

PS

PE

Rubber

ZrO 2

Al 2 O 3

SiC, Si 3 N 4

Glass

Concrete

Ceramics

Figure 1.3

Bar-chart of

room-temperature

density values for

various metals,

ceramics, polymers,

and composite

materials.

Chapter 3), and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense

(Figure 1.3). With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively

stiff (Figure 1.4) and strong (Figure 1.5), yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts

of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture (Figure 1.6), which ac-

counts for their widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials have

large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to

particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these elec-

trons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity (Figure 1.7)

and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lus-

trous appearance. In addition, some of the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable

magnetic properties.

Figure 1.8 is a photograph that shows several common and familiar objects that

are made of metallic materials. Furthermore, the types and applications of metals

and their alloys are discussed in Chapter 13.

10

1.0

0.1

100

1000

0.01

0.001

Stiffness [Elastic (or Young’s) Modulus (in units of

gigapascals)] (logarithmic scale)

Composites

GFRC

CFRC

Polymers Woods

PVC

PTFE

PE

Rubbers

PS, Nylon

Metals

Tungsten

Iron/Steel

Aluminum

Magnesium

Titanium

Ceramics

SiC

AI 2 O 3

Si 3 N 4

ZrO 2

Glass

Concrete

Figure 1.4

Bar-chart of

room-temperature

stiffness (i.e., elastic

modulus) values for

various metals,

ceramics, polymers,

and composite

materials.