Introductory Biostatistics

chris devlin (Chris Devlin) 2019-08-04 02:42:34 UTC #1

1 Descriptive Methods for Categorical Data Preface xiii
- 1.1 Proportions,
  - 1.1.1 Comparative Studies,
  - 1.1.2 Screening Tests,
  - 1.1.3 Displaying Proportions,
- 1.2 Rates,
  - 1.2.1 Changes,
  - 1.2.2 Measures of Morbidity and Mortality,
  - 1.2.3 Standardization of Rates,
- 1.3 Ratios,
  - 1.3.1 Relative Risk,
  - 1.3.2 Odds and Odds Ratio,
  - 1.3.3 Generalized Odds for Ordered 2kTables,
  - 1.3.4 Mantel–Haenszel Method,
  - 1.3.5 Standardized Mortality Ratio,
- 1.4 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

2 Descriptive Methods for Continuous Data
- 2.1 Tabular and Graphical Methods,
  - 2.1.1 One-Way Scatter Plots,
  - 2.1.2 Frequency Distribution,
  - 2.1.3 Histogram and the Frequency Polygon,
  - 2.1.4 Cumulative Frequency Graph and Percentiles,
  - 2.1.5 Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams,
- 2.2 Numerical Methods,
  - 2.2.1 Mean,
  - 2.2.2 Other Measures of Location,
  - 2.2.3 Measures of Dispersion,
  - 2.2.4 Box Plots,
- 2.3 Special Case of Binary Data,
- 2.4 Coe‰cients of Correlation,
  - 2.4.1 Pearson’s Correlation Coe‰cient,
  - 2.4.2 Nonparametric Correlation Coe‰cients,
- 2.5 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

3 Probability and Probability Models
- 3.1 Probability,
  - 3.1.1 Certainty of Uncertainty,
  - 3.1.2 Probability,
  - 3.1.3 Statistical Relationship,
  - 3.1.4 Using Screening Tests,
  - 3.1.5 Measuring Agreement,
- 3.2 Normal Distribution,
  - 3.2.1 Shape of the Normal Curve,
  - 3.2.2 Areas under the Standard Normal Curve,
  - 3.2.3 Normal Distribution as a Probability Model,
- 3.3 Probability Models for Continuous Data,
- 3.4 Probability Models for Discrete Data,
  - 3.4.1 Binomial Distribution,
  - 3.4.2 Poisson Distribution,
- 3.5 Brief Notes on the Fundamentals,
  - 3.5.1 Mean and Variance,
  - 3.5.2 Pair-Matched Case–Control Study,
- 3.6 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

4 Estimation of Parameters
- 4.1 Basic Concepts,
  - 4.1.1 Statistics as Variables,
  - 4.1.2 Sampling Distributions,
  - 4.1.3 Introduction to Confidence Estimation,
- 4.2 Estimation of Means,
  - 4.2.1 Confidence Intervals for a Mean,
  - 4.2.2 Uses of Small Samples,
  - 4.2.3 Evaluation of Interventions,
- 4.3 Estimation of Proportions,
- 4.4 Estimation of Odds Ratios,
- 4.5 Estimation of Correlation Coe‰cients,
- 4.6 Brief Notes on the Fundamentals,
- 4.7 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

5 Introduction to Statistical Tests of Significance
- 5.1 Basic Concepts,
  - 5.1.1 Hypothesis Tests,
  - 5.1.2 Statistical Evidence,
  - 5.1.3 Errors,
- 5.2 Analogies,
  - 5.2.1 Trials by Jury,
  - 5.2.2 Medical Screening Tests,
  - 5.2.3 Common Expectations,
- 5.3 Summaries and Conclusions,
  - 5.3.1 Rejection Region,
  - 5.3.2 pValues,
  - 5.3.3 Relationship to Confidence Intervals,
- 5.4 Brief Notes on the Fundamentals,
  - 5.4.1 Type I and Type II Errors,
  - 5.4.2 More about Errors andpValues,
- Exercises,

6 Comparison of Population Proportions
- 6.1 One-Sample Problem with Binary Data,
- 6.2 Analysis of Pair-Matched Data,
- 6.3 Comparison of Two Proportions,
- 6.4 Mantel–Haenszel Method,
- 6.5 Inferences for General Two-Way Tables,
- 6.6 Fisher’s Exact Test,
- 6.7 Ordered 2kContingency Tables,
- 6.8 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

7 Comparison of Population Means
- 7.1 One-Sample Problem with Continuous Data,
- 7.2 Analysis of Pair-Matched Data,
- 7.3 Comparison of Two Means,
- 7.4 Nonparametric Methods,
  - 7.4.1 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test,
  - 7.4.2 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test,
- 7.5 One-Way Analysis of Variance,
- 7.6 Brief Notes on the Fundamentals,
- 7.7 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

8 Correlation and Regression
- 8.1 Simple Regression Analysis,
  - 8.1.1 Simple Linear Regression Model,
  - 8.1.2 Scatter Diagram,
  - 8.1.3 Meaning of Regression Parameters,
  - 8.1.4 Estimation of Parameters,
  - 8.1.5 Testing for Independence,
  - 8.1.6 Analysis-of-Variance Approach,
- 8.2 Multiple Regression Analysis,
  - Variables, 8.2.1 Regression Model with Several Independent
  - 8.2.2 Meaning of Regression Parameters,
  - 8.2.3 E¤ect Modifications,
  - 8.2.4 Polynomial Regression,
  - 8.2.5 Estimation of Parameters,
  - 8.2.6 Analysis-of-Variance Approach,
  - 8.2.7 Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Linear Regression,
- 8.3 Notes on Computations,
- Exercises,

9 Logistic Regression
- 9.1 Simple Regression Analysis,
  - 9.1.1 Simple Logistic Regression Model,
  - 9.1.2 Measure of Association,
  - 9.1.3 E¤ect of Measurement Scale,
  - 9.1.4 Tests of Association,
  - 9.1.5 Use of the Logistic Model for Di¤erent Designs,
  - 9.1.6 Overdispersion,
- 9.2 Multiple Regression Analysis,
  - 9.2.1 Logistic Regression Model with Several Covariates,
  - 9.2.2 E¤ect Modifications,
  - 9.2.3 Polynomial Regression,
    - Regression, 9.2.4 Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Logistic
  - 9.2.5 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve,
  - 9.2.6 ROC Curve and Logistic Regression,
- 9.3 Brief Notes on the Fundamentals,
- Exercise,

10 Methods for Count Data
- 10.1 Poisson Distribution,
- 10.2 Testing Goodness of Fit,
- 10.3 Poisson Regression Model,
  - 10.3.1 Simple Regression Analysis,
  - 10.3.2 Multiple Regression Analysis,
  - 10.3.3 Overdispersion,
  - 10.3.4 Stepwise Regression,
- Exercise,

11 Analysis of Survival Data and Data from Matched Studies
- 11.1 Survival Data,
- 11.2 Introductory Survival Analyses,
  - 11.2.1 Kaplan–Meier Curve,
  - 11.2.2 Comparison of Survival Distributions,
- 11.3 Simple Regression and Correlation,
  - 11.3.1 Model and Approach,
  - 11.3.2 Measures of Association,
  - 11.3.3 Tests of Association,
- 11.4 Multiple Regression and Correlation,
  - Covariates, 11.4.1 Proportional Hazards Model with Several
  - 11.4.2 Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Regression,
  - 11.4.3 Time-Dependent Covariates and Applications,
- 11.5 Pair-Matched Case–Control Studies,
  - 11.5.1 Model,
  - 11.5.2 Analysis,
- 11.6 Multiple Matching,
  - 11.6.1 Conditional Approach,
  - 11.6.2 Estimation of the Odds Ratio,
  - 11.6.3 Testing for Exposure E¤ect,
- 11.7 Conditional Logistic Regression,
  - 11.7.1 Simple Regression Analysis,
  - 11.7.2 Multiple Regression Analysis,
- Exercises,

12 Study Designs
- 12.1 Types of Study Designs,
- 12.2 Classification of Clinical Trials,
- 12.3 Designing Phase I Cancer Trials,
  - Surveys, 12.4 Sample Size Determination for Phase II Trials and
- 12.5 Sample Sizes for Other Phase II Trials,
  - 12.5.1 Continuous Endpoints,
  - 12.5.2 Correlation Endpoints,
- 12.6 About Simon’s Two-Stage Phase II Design,
- 12.7 Phase II Designs for Selection,
  - 12.7.1 Continuous Endpoints,
  - 12.7.2 Binary Endpoints,
- 12.8 Toxicity Monitoring in Phase II Trials,
- 12.9 Sample Size Determination for Phase III Trials,
  - 12.9.1 Comparison of Two Means,
  - 12.9.2 Comparison of Two Proportions,
  - 12.9.3 Survival Time as the Endpoint,
- 12.10 Sample Size Determination for Case–Control Studies,
  - 12.10.1 Unmatched Designs for a Binary Exposure,
  - 12.10.2 Matched Designs for a Binary Exposure,
    - Exposure, 12.10.3 Unmatched Designs for a Continuous
- Exercises,

Bibliography

Appendices

Answers to Selected Exercises

Index

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