Introductory Biostatistics

Event, 109, 380
Excel spreadsheet, 33, 91, 140, 173, 234, 270
Exclusion criteria, 448
Expected frequency, 224, 234, 354
Expected number of deaths, 16, 30
calculation of expected number of deaths, 17,
30
Explanatory variable, 282, 314, 383
Extreme observations, 65, 88

Fdistribution, 131
False negative, 6, 195
False positive, 6, 195
Fast track design, 449, 450
Fisher’s exact test, 229
Fisher’s transformation, 455
Follow-up death rate, 15
Follow-up period, 383
Formula bar, 32, 91
Forward selection, 303, 333, 370
Frequency, 57
frequency table, 57, 66, 67
Frequency distribution, 57
Frequency polygon, 64, 65, 68

Generalized odds, 23
calculation of generalized odds, 23
Generalized Wilcoxon test, 388
Geometric mean, 75, 91
Goodness of fit, 229, 338, 354, 403
Graph, 8, 69

Hazard function, 381, 382
Hazard ratio, 468
Health norms, 69
Healthy worker e¤ect, 31
Histogram, 62, 91
Hypergeometric model, 387
Hypothesis, 190, 196
null hypothesis, 190, 191, 195, 203, 208, 213,
227, 246, 253
Hypothesis test, 190, 201

Incidence, 14
Incidence rate, 14
Inclusion criteria, 448
Incomplete information, 109
Independent variable, 282, 294, 314, 356, 360
Infant mortality rate, 136
Inference, 152
Instantaneous failure rate, 381
Interaction, 4
Interaction term, 296, 302, 332, 366, 399
Intercept, 284, 287

Interpretation of probability, 110

Interval midpoint, 72

Intervention, 158

Joint probability, 112

Kaplan–Meier curve, 384

Kaplan–Meier method, 384, 389

Kappa statistic, 119, 120

Kendall’s tau rank correlation, 89, 90

Least squares method, 285, 296, 297

Leave, 72

Level of significance, 198, 209, 247, 253

Likelihood function, 171, 318, 326, 402, 414,

417, 419

Likelihood ratio chi-square, 329, 334, 365, 371,

398, 421

Linear association, 86

Linear regression model, 283, 360

Linearity, 360

Line graph, 10

Location, 76

Logistic function, 317, 338

Logistic model, 322

Logistic regression, 314, 317, 319, 337, 338

Lognormal distribution, 131

Log-rank test, 388, 467

Long-term risk, 388

Loss to follow up, 383

M:1 matching, 409

Mantel–Haenszel estimate of odds ratio, 219

Mantel–Haenszel method, 27, 29, 218, 222,

408, 410, 412

Marginal probability, 113

Matched analysis, 403

Matched case–control study, 403

Matched design, 403, 471

Matched study, 379, 403

Matching, 403

Matching data, 413

Maximum likelihood estimation, 171, 318, 360

Maximum tolerated dose, 449, 451

Maximum tolerated error, 452

McNemar’s chi-square, 212, 213, 408

Mean, 72, 91, 137, 150, 283, 356, 357

mean of binomial distribution, 138

mean of Poisson distribution, 351

mean using secondhand data, 72

Measure of association, 322, 357, 359, 392, 414

Measure of variability, 80

Measurement scale, 320, 381

Measures of dispersion, 77

INDEX 533