Random censoring, 383
Random sampling, 110, 445
Random selection, 108
Random variable, 148
Randomization, 380, 448
Randomized clinical trial, 380
Range, 59, 77
Rank, 88, 261
Rank correlation, 88, 89, 90
Rank-sum test, 257
Rate, 11, 18
Rate standardization, 33
Ratio, 18
Receiver operating characteristic curve, 336
Referenced figure, 208, 246
Regression coe‰cient, 284, 319, 321, 363, 392,
396
Regression sum of squares, 292
Rejection region, 197, 202, 209, 210, 213
Relationship, 24, 83
Relative frequency, 60, 109
Relative risk, 19, 20, 323, 354, 360, 382, 393,
396, 406, 471
Reliability, 118
Repeated sampling, 111
Reproducibility, 119, 120, 152, 198
Required sample size, 208, 452, 454, 456, 458,
462, 465, 470, 471, 474
Response rate, 453
Response variable, 314
Retrospective study, 2, 138, 322, 379, 446
Risk factor, 3, 282
Risk function, 381, 382
Risk ratio, 19
Risk set, 470
ROC curve, 336, 337
Robustness, 257
Sample, 110
Sample mean, 72, 91, 150,247
Sample size, 208, 452, 454, 456, 458, 462, 465,
470, 471, 474
Sample size determination, 449
Sampling distribution, 149, 151, 161, 165, 168,
190, 202, 247, 258
SAS program, 31, 56, 221, 226, 230, 251, 260,
263, 300, 305, 321, 325, 330, 335, 360, 363,
365, 367, 369, 386, 390, 394, 416, 425
Scaled deviance, 323, 368, 369
Scaled Pearson chi-square, 323, 368, 369
Scatter diagram, 84, 283, 286, 288
Screening test, 5, 115
Second hand data, 72, 79
Select and drag, 32
Sensitivity, 6, 7, 113, 116, 195, 336
Separation power, 337, 338
Separator variable, 336
Sequential adjustment, 367
Sequential probability ratio test, 459
Shortcut formula for correlation coe‰cient, 86
Shortcut formula for variance, 79
Short-term risk, 389
Side e¤ect, 449
Signed rank, 261
Significance, 88
Significance level, 203
Simon’s two-stage design, 456
Simple hypothesis, 204
Simple logistic regression model, 317, 318
Simple regression model, 283, 317, 357, 390
Simple regression, 283, 316, 414
Simultaneous comparison, 264
Single arm study, 453
Size of an observation unit, 357
Size of a sample, 208, 452, 454, 456, 458, 462,
465, 470, 471, 474
Size of a test, 204
Skewness, 65
Slope, 284, 287, 290
Small sample, 156
Smooth curve, 121
Spearman’s rho rank correlation, 88, 89
Specific rate, 16
Specificity, 6, 7, 116, 195, 336
Spreadsheet, 33, 91, 140, 173, 234, 270
Staggered entry, 380
Standard design, 449, 450
Standard deviation, 78, 91
Standard error, 152, 155, 161, 351
Standardization of rate, 16, 33
standardization of rate, direct mothod of, 16
Standardized mortality ratio, 30, 31
Standardized rate, 17
Standard normal curve, 122, 124
standard normal curve, areas under, 124
Standard normal distribution, 121, 211
Standard normal score, 135, 388
Standard normal variate, 123
Standard population, 16, 17
Standard toolbar, 91
Statistic, 2, 122, 149, 230
Statistical evidence, 191
Statistical inference, 152
Statistical power, 462, 463, 465
Statistical relationship, 83, 111, 114, 283
Statistical significance, 200
Statistical test, 188, 209
Stem, 71INDEX 535