The Sociology of Philosophies

in France in 1836. Competition among journal editors for notable pieces, and the rush of mathematicians to anticipate opponents ...

cians as formal rules become treated as significant in their own right. In the German universities, independence from applied wo ...

dent, mathematicians began to split into rival movements for shoring up foundations. By the 1860s, above all in Germany, recogni ...

cial justice, physics—each has its underlying logic. Psychologists too spotted logic as an old and stagnant field ripe for refor ...

higher mathematics of the 1800s had proceeded by exploring successively more abstract levels of the function. Frege’s stroke was ...

the number of the wineglasses on the table is four—a statement of identity as to which number that is. The procedure for establi ...

sense but also reference. Frege’s Platonism, when broadened into an epistemol- ogy, gave rise to the imperious claims of logical ...

great movements of the early 1900s, movements that would grow up into the divide between logical positivism and phenomenology. A ...

1734 had attacked Newton’s infinitesimals, British mathematicians had been on the defensive. Around 1830 there was a wave of con ...

form thus included attempts to replace Aristotelean syllogistic logic with a new logic of empirical inquiry. This was the subjec ...

cipally the middle-class journals of opinion on which the circle of London evolutionists supported themselves. Mathematics, howe ...

displace the dominant labor theory of value, was part of the network of mathematician-logicians preceding Russell. The shift in ...

numbers, the infinitesimal calculus, and the branches of geometry. Russell was importing a German mathematical movement to Brita ...

a new, highly generalized logic, branched off from the British mathematical tradition of investigating alternative algebras; Pei ...

phy? We find it happening across the board in the generation of 1900: Husserl, Russell, later the Vienna Circle. Mathematical lo ...

the entire system. This was no isolated incident; within a year, Zermelo made a sensation with his proof of a more generalized p ...

vasion by new philosophical methods. Thus Hegel could couch his dialectical metaphysics in the form of a logic; and in Russell’s ...

simple elements or objects—in effect, those designated by Russell’s logically proper names—as the ultimate constituents of the w ...

“must have in common with reality in order to be able to represent it.” This form is shown but it is not said in the proposition ...

what can and cannot be said in preexisting language.^21 Wittgenstein had his own blind spot. He did not prevent subsequent philo ...