The Sociology of Philosophies

ishadic world ingredient philosophers, Shankara appears in about the fortieth generation. This is somewhat later than Augustine ...

phistication, which is transposable outside the religious frame. The same can be said about medieval Islamic and Christian philo ...

From about 100 to 500 c.e., the growth of the main Hindu darsha- nas (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, all except la ...

are supplied by the mind, which imposes the relation of externality on subjec- tive ideas. Parallel problems over causality aros ...

Hindu in the Buddhist camp—attacked Nyaya-Vaisheshika pluralist realism and its identification of each word with a self-subsiste ...

entered the debates. Mimamsa defended the old Vedic rituals against the newer meditative and theist religions. In order to expla ...

Shankara’s cogito opens up simultaneously a new metaphysics and an epistemology. The ground of consciousness is the highest meta ...

by Bradley: substance and quality cannot be related, since the relations of any relation to its terms leads to an infinite regre ...

directions. What we see is a complex of ideas on the same general level of abstraction and reflexivity, which are shared out amo ...

The question as to the relative reality of one pole or the other becomes moot in the Hellenistic period. Aristoteleanism was gen ...

the three Persons of the Trinity as merely nominal, but so did their opponents who treated the Trinity as three abstract reals. ...

being is real. Seizing the advantage, the AshÀarite lineage continued to hammer away against the notion that reality is structur ...

Hobbes attaches his nominalism to the ontology of material substance; this in turn opens still further controversies. The Cambri ...

of “reason” against those of theological traditionalism. These were alliances of convenience, ephemeral over the long run, and t ...

come out most strongly when religious orthodoxy is politically enforced mono- theism. In this context appear the entwining of ep ...

philosophy from the pre-Socratics down through the Hellenistic Skeptics; the showdown between late Neoplatonism and Christianity ...

a pure intellectual game; there was no premium on accepting proofs, and rejection of inadequacies of rival argument was taken as ...

A third direction was that taken by Plato, the tendency to conceive of a transcendent God on a metaphysical level above the empi ...

died, as well as the scandals of the Sophists and Cyrenaics) and late (the polytheist defense against Christianity in the later ...

challenged Advaita on philosophical turf, arguments focused not on the exist- ence of a creator-God, but on the degree of realit ...