- By the 1770s and 1780s, these included Hutton, whose geology overturned biblical
chronology, and Lord Monboddo, who produced early speculations on the evolu-
tion of humans from the apes. Sources on the social history of Scotland (CMH,
1902–1911: 6:117; Daiches, Jones, and Jones, 1986; Sher, 1985; Camic, 1983). - Hume was only in his mid-twenties when he wrote his Treatise in the 1730s. Once
again, age is important only as it coincides with structural opportunity.
12. The German University Revolution
- These are Bergson, Dewey, Moore, Russell, Wittgenstein, Carnap, Husserl, and
Heidegger; at least another 12 are in the running for secondary: Croce, Schlick,
Meinong, Scheler, Cassirer, Rickert, McTaggart, Whitehead, Alexander, Santayana,
G. H. Mead, and C. I. Lewis. For sources, see Chapter 10, notes 1 and 3. Com-
paring Figures 10.1 and 11.1, we see that the number of major philosophers in
any one generation in Europe is never more than 3—a pattern in keeping with that
for medieval Christendom, Islam, India, China, and Greece. By my standard
method of ranking by amount of attention given in comprehensive histories, for
1865–1900 the number of major philosophers is 5 (Peirce, James, Frege, Bradley,
and Nietzsche). For secondary philosophers, the number calculated rises for 1835–
1865 to 12, for 1865–1900 to 9, and 1900–1935 to 12. These numbers are as
high as or higher than those for even the most active generations in all of past
history—the generation of 335–300 b.c.e. in Greece, when there were 8 secondar-
ies, and 1265–1300 in medieval Christendom, when there were 9. It appears that
we are gradually losing perspective on the fifth generation back from our own,
that of 1835–1865, and almost certainly on the 1865–1900 generation. Within the
next few generations of our future, some of these major figures will fall to secon-
dary historical influence, and some secondaries to minor.
Unlike earlier network figures in the book, those in Chapters 12–14 list everyone
by name and thus do not distinguish rankings by capitalization and key numbers.
For convenience, what follows is a list of European philosophers ranked major (all
capitals) and secondary by generation: 1600: bacon, Suarez, Campanella, Herbert
of Cherbury, Boehme, Grotius; 1635: descartes, hobbes, More, Cudworth, Ar-
nauld, Mersenne, Gassendi, Pascal; 1665: spinoza, leibniz, locke, Malebranche,
Bayle, Thomasius; 1700: berkeley, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Wolff, Vico; 1735:
hume, rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, d’Holbach, Diderot, d’Alembert, Con-
dillac, Butler, Adam Smith, Reid; 1765: kant, fichte, Hamann, Lessing, Herder,
Jacobi, Schiller, Paley, Bentham, Condorcet; 1800: schelling, hegel, schopen-
hauer, Schleiermacher, Herbart, Maine de Biran, Cousin, Saint-Simon; 1835: j. s.
mill, Spencer, Huxley, Newman, Kierkegaard, Emerson, Comte, Renouvier, Marx,
Engels, Lotze, Fechner, Boole; 1865: peirce, james, bradley, nietzsche, frege,
Green, Bosanquet, Royce, Wundt, Mach, Brentano, Dilthey, von Hartmann, Her-
mann Cohen. - In anglophone philosophy, the canonical reputations of Berkeley and Hume were
not established until the 1870s; until then Reid and Dugald Stewart were better
known (Kaufmann, 1966: 277–278; Kuklick, 1984).
Notes to Pages 615–621^ •^1003