ing, emphasizing the moral resonances of uncovering the merely constructed nature
of the social world while pessimistically recognizing the inevitability of such con-
structions.
- It was this phase of Heidegger that gave him a philosophical point of contact—
apart from whatever temporizing and bandwagon jumping was involved—for
greeting the Nazi rise to power in 1933.
- Projecting this back into medieval Christendom, William of Ockham is supposed
to be a typical Anglo philosopher, but Duns Scotus is not; in fact both of these
Britons spent most of their careers in France and Germany. The archetypal meta-
physician, Saint Anselm, was archbishop of Canterbury.
- Hoch (1991) suggests that the Vienna Circle shifted from a militant program of
replacing philosophy with unified science to a reforming movement within philoso-
phy because of their migration to the United States. At this time their base shifted
predominantly from physics chairs to philosophy departments. Carnap’s chair at
Prague had been in philosophy, but it was housed, unusually, in the natural science
faculty; as in Vienna, the philosophy chairs had been split into one for inductive
science or natural philosophy, another for traditional humanistic philosophy. The
organizational background of the Vienna Circle was a European movement to
absorb philosophy academically into the natural sciences. Nothing like this existed
in the United States or Britain. Hence when the Vienna Circle migrated, it had to
accommodate, becoming a reform movement within academic philosophy and
eventually a technical specialty among others.
- This may be one reason why Wittgenstein—apart from his usual cantankerous-
ness—refused to go along with the Vienna Circle’s condemnation of Heidegger
(Janik and Toulmin, 1973: 288).
14. Writers’ Markets and Academic Networks
- Sources on the institutional structure of French education (CMH, 1902–1911:
8:52, 752; 9:126–129; 10:73–93; 11:23–26, 297; 12:92–93, 114–118; Weisz,
1983; Fabiani, 1988; Burrage, 1993; Ringer, 1992).
- Politician-philosophers included not only the Idéologues but also Royer-Collard,
who led the “Doctrinaires” faction, deriving politics from immutable self-evident
principles (in fact taken largely from the Scottish philosophy of Reid, who held
against Hume that man has a faculty of common sense); on the conservative side,
de Maistre and de Bonald with their self-conscious traditionalism; Mme. de Staël,
the daughter of the pre-Revolutionary finance minister, and emblem of the vacil-
lating loyalties of the Royalist exiles; and Chateaubriand, like Destutt and Maine
de Biran a former army officer, prominent after 1800 in the politics of Royalist
opposition to Napoleon. Chateaubriand made his reputation in 1802 with his
Genius of Christianity, written in opposition to Cabanis. The emergence of the
political assemblies as the focus of attention went along with an underlying shift
in the bases of intellectual production in the Revolutionary/Napoleonic period.
- For instance, he was pictured on the cover of Time magazine in 1946 while on a
publicity tour of the United States (Cohen-Solal, 1987: 271). The nearest approach
Notes to Pages 750–764^ •^1021
