The Sociology of Philosophies

1900

177 Takakusu Junjiro (Buddhist
scholar) 
178 Kuwaki Gen’yoku
(neo-Kantian) 
180 Tanaka Odo (Dewey
instrumentalism)

Figure 8.1. Islamic and Jewish
Philosophers and Scientists,
700–935: Basra and Baghdad
Schools

735

1 John of Damascus. (Christian
theol, Ummayad court) 
2al-AwzaÀi (Syria, f. school of
law) 
3 Yazid ibn-Aban al-Raqashi
(theol)
4 ÀAmr ibn ÀUbayd (Basra;
kalam rational theology)
5 al-Muqaffa (Basra, tr.,
Aristotelean logic) 
6 Wasil ibn ÀAta (Basra; kalam)
7 Jahm b. Safwan (theol, denied
free will) 
8JaÀfar al-Sadiq (ShiÀite 6th
Imam; allegorist, hadith) 
9 Ibrahim b. Adham (pre-Sufi,
pious ritualist ascetic)
10 Muqatil ibn Sulayman
(allegorical interp. of
QurÁan) 

765

11 Shaqiq al-Balkhi (mystic) 
12 Jabir b. Hayyan (ShiÀite;
mystic, alc) 
13 RabiÀa al-ÀAdawiya (Basra,
freed slave girl; mystic)

{14} ÀUmar Ibn al-Farrakhan

(Baghdad; astron, astrol)

{15} Kanaka al-Hindi (India,

Baghdad; astron, astrol)

{16} Ya-Àqub Ibn Tariq (Baghdad;

Hindu astron)

{17} al-Fazari (Kufa, Baghdad;

astron)

{18} MashaÀallah (Baghdad; astrol)

19 Timotheus (Baghdad;

Nestorian Christian patriarch;

tr.) 

20 al-Shaybani (Baghdad jurist)

21 Abu-Yusuf (Baghdad jurist;

crit. 23 for using kalam)

22 Hisham ibn al-Hakam (Kufa,

Basra; scriptural literalist)

800

23 Bishr al-Marisi (Kufa, Basra,

Baghdad; kalam)

24 Husayn al-Najjar (followed

Dirar)

25 Hafs al-Fard (Egypt, Basra;

Dirar spokesman vs.

Abu-l-Hudhayl)

26 Hisham al-Fuwati (Basra

MuÀtazilite, atomist)

27 Thumama b. Ashras

(Baghdad MuÀtazilite; agnostic

re. freedom and determinism)

28 Abu Musa al-Murdar

(Baghdad Mu’tazilite)

29 ÀAli al-Aswari (same)

30 Abu Bakr al-Asamm (Basra

MuÀtazilite)

{32} Habash al-Hasab (head

Baghdad astron observatory;

trigonometry)

{33} Al-Khwarizmi (Baghdad

House of Wisdom;

encyclopedia of sciences,

*algebra)

Keys to Figures • 921