100 QUESTIONS IN CARDIOLOGY

abnormal blood pressure response during exercise. History of multiple sudden deaths in the family is an important risk factor. ...

49 What is the medical therapy for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and what surgical options are of use? Krishna Pras ...

Prevention of sudden death Identification and treatment of those at risk of sudden death is an important part of the management ...

50 What is the role of permanent pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Niall G Mahon and W McKenna There are broadly two catego ...

51 How do I investigate the relative of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? How should they be followed up? Niall G Maho ...

Hence first degree relatives should undergo history, physical examination, standard 2-D echocardiography, and 12-lead electrocar ...

52 What investigation protocol should a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy undergo? Niall G Mahon and W McKenna A protocol for ...

33 Serologymay be performed to detect the presence of markers of myocardial inflammation and myocyte damage. 44 Endomyocardial b ...

FFuurrtthheerr rreeaaddiinngg Dec GW, Fuster V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (review). N Engl J Med1994; 333311 : 1564–75. ...

53 Which patients with impaired ventricles should receive an ACE inhibitor? What are the survival advantages? Do AT1-receptor an ...

captopril were cough, taste abnormally, dizziness or hypotension. Calculations suggest that a reduction in mortality could be ac ...

5 Topol E. ACE inhibitors still the drug of choice for heart failure – and more. Lancet1999; 335544 : 1797. 6 Pitt B, Zannad F, ...

54 What is the role of vasodilators in chronic heart failure? Who should receive them? Lionel H Opie There are three main groups ...

beta blockade, or hypertension despite ACE inhibitors, beta blockers and diuretics. Yet with the convincing evidence for real be ...

55 Should I give digoxin to patients with heart failure if they are in sinus rhythm? If so, to whom? Are there dangers to stoppi ...

2 Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al. for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators (RALES). The effect of spironola ...

56 Which patients with heart failure should have a beta blocker? How do I start it and how should I monitor therapy? Rakesh Shar ...

subsequent dose increase to ensure that there is no deterioration in symptoms, significant bradycardia, or hypotension. In patie ...

57 What is mean and model life expectancy in NYHA I-IV heart failure? Aidan Bolger The New York Heart Association (NYHA) first p ...

After excluding the patients who died within 90 days of diagnosis (likely to contain many with NYHA class IV disease) the mortal ...