The Economist - USA (2022-02-26)

(Maropa) #1
The Economist February 26th 2022 Culture 79

ond­most­populous municipality with 2m
people,  it  is  known  as  one  of  the  most
dangerous,  in  which  residents  feel  most
unsafe. Iztapalapa has long been the “back­
yard” of the capital, says Clara Brugada, its
mayor.  “Prisons,  that  was  the  investment
we received,” she says.


Eyes of the tiger
Some  of  the  murals  carry  slogans
exhorting better behaviour, such as “No to
violence!” Others portray the faces of wom­
en, many of them local, such as Lupita Bau­
tista,  a  world­champion  boxer,  and  Eva
Bracamontes,  herself  a  street  artist.  In­
deed, the whole project grew out of a push
to improve the lot of women in this patriar­
chal  bit  of  a  male­dominated  country,
where the killing of women remains trag­
ically  common.  Initially  the  murals  were
part  of  a  programme  designed  to  create
streets  where  women  felt  safe  walking
alone; but they took on a life of their own.
At first, says Ms Brugada, people were scep­
tical about having paintings on their hous­
es and shops. Now they request them. 
To critics of the scheme, the fact that Iz­
tapalapa’s authorities pay for the artworks
undercuts  their  authenticity.  Enthusiasts
point out that Mexico’s education ministry
paid Rivera and his contemporaries in mu­
ralism’s  heyday.  Then,  as  now,  individual
artists had distinct styles, as well as leeway
to decide the content of their murals. 
Rivera,  for  instance,  romanticised  the
time before the Spanish conquest and rep­
resented  the  conquistadors  as  greedy  and
barbaric;  Orozco  was  softer  on  them  and
the  Catholic  church.  “I  connect  with  the
place  and  people,”  says  a  contemporary
muralist who paints as Andre amx. “I don’t
just  put  out  my  message.”  She  often  ex­
plores feminist themes and subjects, such
as  prehispanic  goddesses.  Her  murals  in
Iztapalapa  include  a  huge  tiger  whose
striking eyes stare out from a green wall.
Historians  think  the  post­revolution­
ary  murals  did  help  to  forge  a  cohesive,
modern  country.  They  shaped  both  how
Mexicans  saw  themselves  and  how  for­
eigners saw them, reckons Barbara Haskell
of the Whitney Museum of American Art in
New York. (The big three went on to paint
influential murals in the United States.) An
example  of  their  impact  lies  in  the  way
Mexico celebrates mestizaje, the mixing of
Spanish  and  indigenous  peoples.  One  of
the  country’s  best­loved  murals,  by  Oroz­
co,  is  in  the  Colegio  de  San  Ildefonso,  a
former  school  in  Mexico  City.  It  depicts
Hernán Cortés, the conquistador, and Mal­
inche, his indigenous interpreter and later
lover, who gave birth to a child considered
one of the first mestizos.
Can  murals  in  places  like  Iztapalapa
have a comparable impact now? Since 2018
some  crimes,  such  as  those  involving
firearms,  have  declined  there.  Rapes  of


womenhavefallen,too.Otheraspectsof
theregenerationdrive,suchasimproved
lighting and better maintained streets,
have contributed. But officials are con­
vincedthatthearthashelped.
Whatevertheireffectoncrime,themu­
ralsarepopular.“Theyaremotivatingpeo­
ple,especiallygirls,whothink,‘I couldap­
pearthere’,”saysMsBautista,theboxer.
Herfaceisplasteredona brightredback­
groundaccompaniedbythewords“Proud­
lyfromIztapalapa”.Residentswhousedto
concealwheretheycomefromnolonger
do. Slowly, outsiders may come to see
Iztapalapainthesameway.n

Nobel-prizewinningfiction

The spirit and


the flesh


T


henovelthatearnedOlgaTokarczuk
theNobelprizeinliteraturefor2018,
nowpublishedinEnglish,isa wild,unruly
beast—notjustbecauseit ismorethan 900
pageslong.Dividedintosevenbooks,it be­
ginsonefoggymorninginOctober1752.
Horsemen, merchants, peasants and
priestsjostlealonga muddyroadincentral
Polandontheirwaytomarket.Theairis
scentedwiththesweetsmellofmaltfrom
nearbybreweries.Vodkaandmeadarealso
onoffer,MsTokarczukwrites,aswellas
wine fromHungary andtheRhineland.
Thefogissodense,though,thatthecrowd
canonlynavigatebytheburbleofa river,a

metaphor  for  readers  who  will  also  find
themselves, as the Polish author says, on a
“fantastic  journey  across  seven  borders,
five  languages  and  three  major  religions,
not counting the minor sects”. 
At the centre of “The Books of Jacob” is a
large group of Jews from Podolia, in what is
now  south­western  Ukraine,  adherents  of
a  real­life  Kabbalist  rabbi  and  self­
proclaimed  Messiah  called  Sabbatai  Tzvi.
In  the  mid­18th  century  they  become  fol­
lowers of his heir, Jacob Frank, also based
on  a  real  figure  (pictured),  a  tall,  charis­
matic  merchant  who  always  dresses  in  a
long coat and a high Turkish hat. As the au­
thor  herself  has  commented,  Frank  is  an
ambivalent  figure,  “ruthless  yet  sensitive,
unpredictable  but  attentive”,  practical  if
somewhat  eccentric.  “He’s  a  trickster—a
charmer and a fraud.” 
A one­time convert to Islam, Frank per­
suades  the  group  to  be  baptised  as  Catho­
lics—and  to  experiment  with  incest  and
other forms of sexual licence—all in a bid
for intellectual and emotional freedom. He
is accused of heresy and imprisoned for 13
years in a Polish fortress that also serves as
a  shrine  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  Liberated  by
Russian troops, he makes his way to Brno
in Moravia, where he is befriended by Em­
peror Joseph II and his mother, Maria The­
resa. Later his group move to Offenbach am
Main in Germany, where they create a huge
court and religious centre. Eventually they
return to Poland, where Frank dies and his
followers join the growing bourgeoisie.
“The Books of Jacob” conjures up a soci­
ety  flooded  with  the  new  thinking  that
emerged  from  the  Enlightenment  and  the
French  revolution.  Its  central  question—
the answer to which remains tantalisingly
out of reach—is why people believe in the
likes  of  Frank.  In  the  living,  breathing,
mysterious world he and his followers in­
habit,  Ms  Tokarczuk  shows  how  ideas,
along  with  fables,  myths  and  delusions,
made  the  society  in  which  he  flourished,
which in turn led to the world of today. 
Jennifer  Croft’s  translation  brilliantly
captures  the  onward  rush  of  Ms  Tokarc­
zuk’s  writing.  Of  the  novel’s  many  other
stories, two stand out. The first concerns a
challenge that Father Benedykt Chmielow­
ski, a diligent priest, sets himself: to write
down all the knowledge humanity has ac­
cumulated.  The  other  revolves  around  a
magnificent  character  called  Yente,  intro­
duced  as  a  sickly  old  lady  at  a  wedding  in
the  mid­18th  century  and  still  around  in
1944, so ancient she is almost translucent. 
Five  families  descended  from  Frank’s
followers have taken refuge in a cave; Yente
is among them. Someone throws in a bot­
tle in which is “a piece of paper that says, in
a  clumsy  hand,  ‘Germans  gone’.”  Over  the
decades, Yente waits and watches,proffer­
ing advice, asides and rich observations—
much like Ms Tokarczuk herself.n

The Books of Jacob. By Olga Tokarczuk.
Translated by Jennifer Croft.
Riverhead Books; 992 pages; $35.
Fitzcarraldo Editions; £20

Man and myths
Free download pdf