4.17 Why do reactions reach an equilibrium instead of entirely producing the products?
4.18 If a molecule cannot be mixed with water, it is said to be immiscible. What can be said
about the enthalpy of mixing in this case?
4.19 When a spontaneous, endothermic reaction occurs at constant temperature and pressure,
what can be said about the entropy change of the surroundings?
4.20 In a dialysis experiment, a 10-mL protein solution initially has a buffer concentration of
0.1 M. How much will the buffer concentration decrease if the protein solution is dialyzed
against (a) 100 mL of water and (b) 1 L of water?
4.21 Why does the free-energy dependence for the crystallization of a protein have a maximum
value?
4.22 If only the protein concentration were increased in a crystallization experiment, how would
this be shown on a crystallization phase diagram?
4.23 What can be said about the total entropy change for the crystallization of a protein from
solution if it occurs spontaneously?
singke
(singke)
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