12.27 Calculate the expectation (or average) value of r^2 for the 2s orbital.
12.28 How many orbitals are there in a shell with n=5?
12.29 Explain the physical meaning of Zeff.
12.30Calculate the effective nuclear charge of helium using ionization energies of 2370 kJ mol−^1
for helium and 1312 kJ mol−^1 for hydrogen.
12.31 If Zeffis 2.4 for the 1s orbital of lithium, what is the ionization energy? (For hydrogen the
ionization energy is 1312 kJ mol−^1 .)
12.32 Write Schrödinger’s equation for the helium atom.
12.33 Explain qualitatively why the ionization energy for removing the first electron increases
for beryllium compared to lithium.
12.34 Explain qualitatively why the ionization energy of removing the first electron decreases
for boron compared to beryllium.
12.35 Explain why spin is not determined using Schrödinger’s equation.
12.36 What is the interpretation of the four components obtained in the relativistic formulation
of quantum mechanics?
12.37 Explain how electrons fill the orbitals of nitrogen.
singke
(singke)
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