BioPHYSICAL chemistry

(singke) #1

measured by use of the probe [^18 F]fluorodopa, which can be taken up
by dopamine neurons and stored in their nerve terminals. Patients with
Parkinson’s disease show a sharp decrease in the amount of probe at the
neuron terminals as detected by the PET images. Efforts are underway
in a number of laboratories to utilize this technique to identify drugs that
can slow the disease progression in Parkinson’s patients.


CHAPTER 19 MOLECULAR IMAGING 419


References and further reading


Bastiaens, P.I.H. and Pepperkok, R. (2000) Observ-
ing proteins in their natural habitat: the living cell.
Trends in Biochemical Sciences 25 , 631–7.
Chudakov, D.M., Lukyanov, S., and Lukyanov, K.A.
(2005) Fluorescent proteins as a toolkit for in vivo
imaging. Trends in Biotechnology 23 , 605 –13.
Dove, A. (2005) The big picture. Nature Medicine 11 ,
111–12.
Elsliger, M.A., Wachter, R.M., Hanson, G.T., Kallio, K.,
and Remington, S.J. (1999) Structural and spectral
response of green fluorescent protein variants to
changes in pH. Biochemistry 38 , 5296 –301.
Giepmans, B.N.G., Adams, S.R., Ellsman, M.H.,
and Tsien, R.Y. (2006) The fluorescent toolbox for
assessing protein location and function. Science
312 , 217–24.
Huh, W.K., Falvo, J.V., Gerke, L.C. et al. (2003) Global
analysis of protein localization in budding yeast.
Nature 425 , 686 –90.
Lippincott-Schwartz, J. and Patterson, G.H. (2003)
Development and use of fluorescent protein
markers in living cells. Science 300 , 87–91.
March, J.C., Rao, G., and Bentley, W.E. (2003) Bio-
technological applications of green fluorescent


Problems


19.1 What is the cofactor in GFP?
19.2 How is the chromophore of GFP related to the gene sequence?
19.3 How was it shown that oxygen is required for cofactor formation?
19.4 Why do different forms of GFP have different spectra?
19.5 Why does wild-type GFP have absorption bands at 395 and 475 nm?
19.6 Explain why a mutation at Tyr-66 would result in altered optical properties.
19.7 Provide a molecular reason for why GFP is initially clear and becomes colored after a period
of time.
19.8 Why does the spectrum of GFP have more than one absorption band that changes with pH?


protein. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 62 ,
303 –15.
Matz, M.V., Lukyanov, K.A., and Lukyanov, S.A.
(2003) Family of the green fluorescent protein:
journey to the end of the rainbow. BioEssays 24 ,
953 –9.
Miller, G. (2006) A better view of brain disorders.
Science 313 , 1376 –9.
Phelps, M.E. (2002) Molecular imaging with positron
emission tomography. Annual Re 9 iew of Nuclear
Particle Science 52 , 303 –38.
Tsien, R. (1998) The green fluorescent proteins.
Annual Re 9 iew of Biochemistry 67 , 509 – 44.
Wachter, R.M. (2007) Chromogenic cross-link
formation in green fluorescent protein. Accounts of
Chemical Research, 40, 120 –7.
Wachter, R.M., King, B.A., Hein, R. et al. (1997)
Crystal structure and photodynamic behavior of
the blue emission variant Y66H/Y145F of green
fluorescent protein. Biochemistry 36 , 9759 – 65.
Zimmer, M. (2002) Green fluorescent protein
(GFP): applications, structure, and related
photophysical behavior. Chemical Re 9 iews 102 ,
759 – 81.
Free download pdf