18.7
=−12.3 +5.8 kJ mol−^1 =−6.5 kJ mol−^1
=9.6 −5.8 kJ mol−^1 =+3.8 kJ mol−^1
ΔGNET=ΔGNa+ΔGK=−2.7 kJ mol−^1
18.8 (a)
=10.0 kJ mol−^1
(b)
=−0.7 kJ mol−^1
(c) ΔGNET= 3 ΔGNa+ 3 ΔGK=28.6 kJ mol−^1
(d) Need ΔGATP−ΔGNET< 0
18.9
=−11.3 +6.2 kJ mol−^1 =−5.1 kJ mol−^1
=+9.6 −6.2 kJ mol−^1 =+3.4 kJ mol−^1
ΔGNET=ΔGNa+ΔGK=−1.6 kJ mol−^1
=+( .0 0083 −)( 298 ) ln ( )(.
200
4
kJ molK^1 K 1965 kJ mmolV−^1 )( .−0 065V)
ΔGRT
c
c
out zF V
in
K=+∇ln
=+( .0 0083 −)( 298 ) ln ( )(.
2
200
kJ molK^1 K 1965 kJ mmolV−^1 )( .+0 065V)
ΔGRT
c
c
out zF V
in
Na=+∇ln
=+(. −)( )ln
.
.
0 0083 310 ()(
005
001
kJ molK^1 K 196 ..)(.)50kJ molV−^1 − 05 V
ΔGRT
c
c
out zF V
in
K=+∇ln
=+(. −)( )ln
.
.
0 0083 310 ()(
015
002
kJ molK^1 K 196 ..)(.)50kJ molV−^1 + 05 V
ΔGRT
c
c
out zF V
in
Na=+∇ln
=+(.0 0083 −)( 295 )ln ()(.
100
2
kJ molK^1 K 1965 kJ mmolV−^1 )( .− 006 V)
ΔGRT
c
c
out zF V
in
K=+∇ln
=+( .0 0083 −)( 295 ) ln ( )(.
1
150
kJ molK^1 K 1965 kJ mmolV−^1 )( .+ 006 V)
ΔGRT
c
c
out zF V
in
Na=+∇ln
482 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
9781405124362_5_end.qxd 4/29/08 9:17 Page 482