2 Chinese philosopher and author, Ai Siqi (1910–1966) was born in
Yunnan province and later traveled to Hong Kong, where he studied
English at a Protestant school and was exposed to Sun Yat-sen’sThree
principles of the peopleand Marxism. His copious reading of Marxism in
Japanese translation formed the root of Ai’s most important works such
asHistorical materialism and dialectical materialismandPhilosophy for
the masses.
3 Born in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, China, and spending much of his
early life in Moscow, Qu Qiubai (1899–1935) was a leader of the CCP in
the late 1920s and an important Chinese Marxist writer and thinker.
He organized revolutions and uprisings (such as the Guangzhou Uprising
of December 11, 1927) and was arrested and executed by the Kuomintang
in 1935. Heavily criticized as a ‘‘renegade’’ during the Cultural Revolution,
Qu was absolved by the CCP Central Committee in 1980. From its Russian
translation, Qu created the official Chinese translation of the Internatio-
nale, used as the national anthem of China.
4 Born in Hunan, China, Li Da (1890–1966) was an educator and
Marxist philosopher. Elected as the director of propaganda by the First
Congress of the CCP in 1921, he left the party in 1923 over disputes
regarding the issue of a CCP–Kuomintang coalition. After 1927, he was
mainly a professor at different universities. He was reintroduced into the
CCP in 1949 and served as the leader of various academic institutions.
Challenging some of Mao’s leftist thoughts in the late 1950s and early
1960s, he died in the course of persecution in 1966 during the Cultural
Revolution.
5 For a comprehensive list of intertextual links between Mao’s major philo-
sophical works and the sources he used, see the table inMao Zedong on
dialectical materialism(Knight, 1990 : 80–82).
6 For a more detailed exposition of the controversy, see Knight ( 2005 :
149–150).
7 Readers may find Mao’s ‘‘mass line’’ reminiscent of the Shewhart Cycle
for learning and improvement (i.e. plan; do; study; act) as explained by
Deming ( 1993 : 131–133).
8 Although the well-known version of Deng’s quote was ‘‘black cat or white
cat,’’ the analogy was first used by Deng’s colleague, Liu Bocheng, who
used the phrase ‘‘yellow cat or black cat,’’ quoted here by Deng.
References
Andrew, A. M., and Rapp, J. A. 2000.Autocracy and China’s rebel founding
emperors: comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu. New York:
Rowman & Littlefield.
Leadership theories and practices of Mao and Deng 235