Frew, D. R., and Bruning, N. S. 1987. ‘‘Perceived organizational character-
istics and personality measures as predictors of stress/strain in the work
place,’’Journal of Management13: 633–646.
Hsu, C.-Y. 1994.Cong li shi kan ling dao(Looking at leadership from
Chinese history). Beijing: San Lian Shu Dian.
Nisbett, R. 2003.The geography of thought: how Asians and Westerners
think differently...and why. New York: Free Press.
Ross, W. D. 2002.The right and the good. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ruf, B. M., Krishnamurty, M., Robert, M. B., Jay, J. J., and Karen, P. 2001.
‘‘An empirical investigation of the relationship between change in
corporate social performance and financial performance: a stakeholder
theory perspective,’’Journal of Business Ethics32: 143–156.
Sternberg, R. J. 1996.Successful intelligence: how practical and creative
intelligence determine success in life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Taylor, F. W. 1947.Scientific management. New York: Harper & Row.
Wren, D. A. 1994.The evolution of management thought, 4th edn. New
York: Wiley.
Yang, K. S. 1995. ‘‘Chinese social orientation: an integrative analysis,’’ in
T. Y. Lin, W. S. Tseng, and E. K. Yeh (eds.),Chinese societies and
mental health. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Zeng,S.Q.2004.Guan lidadao:zhongguoguanlizhexuede xian daihuaying
yong.(The road of management: the application of Chinese management
philosophy in the contemporary era). Beijing: Peking University Press.
Zhang, D. N., and Cheng, Z. Y. 1991.Zhong guo si wei pian xiang.
(Chinese thinking preferences). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
Zhang, Z. X., and Wang, H. 2006. ‘‘Initiating the organizational learning
through reshaping the organizational culture: a case study of Qingdao
Netcom,’’ in CESS (ed.),Organizational learning and innovation: the
2006 report on the growth and evolution of Chinese entrepreneurs.
Beijing: China Machine Press.
Appendix: Interview guideline
- Please briefly describe your company’s history.
- Please describe your career history.
- In your experience as a CEO, do you have leadership and man-
agement philosophies?
A. If so, what are they?
B. If not, do you have some general principles in running your
company?
270 Zhi-xue Zhanget al.