nature, in both equalizing and distinguishing leaders and followers in
terms of self-cultivation, and in placing culture-building at the center
of leadership and providing ways of enculturation through ritual and
behavioral propriety.
Notes
1 All citations of the books of Xunzi refer to Knoblock’s ( 1998 ) work,
which is composed of three volumes, with Books 1–6 in volume I, Books
7–16 in volume II, and Books 17–32 in volume III.
2 There are two different, although identically pronounced (transliterated
aswei), Chinese characters associated with the concept of human artifice.
One has been rendered into English as human activity, conscious activity,
conscious exertion, acquired training, or human artifice, and the other as
disguise or factitiousness. The common thread of both translations is that
these human attributes are not innate in humans, but artificially created
after birth. Because of the obvious negative connotation of the latter,
the former has generally been preferred to the latter in modern Chinese
writing.
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