Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

3. MORPHOLOGY

Subjunctive-progressive

33. samBava hO vah jaa rha hao.
    sambhav h ́ vah ja: raha: ho.
    possible is he go-prog be-subj
    It is possible he would be going.


34. maumaikna hO vao Aa rho haMo.
    mumkin h ́ ve a: rahe hõ.
    possible is they come-prog be-subj
    It is possible they would be coming.

3.4.4.3. Perfective Aspect

Perfective aspect indicates an action or state of affairs that has been
completed. There are five sets of perfective forms in Hindi: simple-
perfective, present-perfective, past-perfective, presumptive-
perfective and subjunctive-perfective. The following perfect
participle suffixes are added to the main verb stems. In constructions
with intransitive verbs, they agree with the subject in gender and
number. In constructions with transitive verbs, they agree with the
object’s gender and number.

Masculine Feminine
Sg Pl Sg Pl

• Aa -a: -e -e -[- -i: -[-M -ĩ:

These suffixes are added to both intransitive and transitive verbs.

Verb Masculine Feminine
Sg Pl Sg Pl
igar gir fall igara gira: igaro gire igarI giri: igarIM girĩ:
cala cal walk calaa cala: calao cale calaI cali: calaI calĩ:M
pZ, parh read pZ,a parha: pZ,o parhe pZ,I parhi: pZ,IM parhĩ:
ilaK likh write ilaKa likha: ilaKo likhe ilaKI likhi: ilaKIM likhĩ:

In vowel-ending verb stems, the glide -ya -y is inserted before the
masculine singular ending -Aa -a: is added to the verb stem.