3. MORPHOLOGY
Verb Masculine Feminine
Sg Pl Sg Pl
Aa a: come Aayaa a:ya: Aae a:e Aa[- a:i: Aa[-M a:ĩ:
saao so sleep saaoyaa soya: saaoe soe saao[- soi: saao[-M soĩ:
saI si: sew isayaa siya: isae sie saI si: saIM sĩ:
Ko khe row Koyaa kheya: Koyao kheye Ko[- khei: Ko[-M kheĩ:
jaa ja: go gayaa gaya: gae gae ga[- gai: ga[-M gaĩ:
Ka kha: eat Kayaa kha:ya: Kae kha:e Ka[- kha:i: Ka[-M kha:ĩ:
Notice that the verbs saao so ‘sleep’ and saI si: ‘sew’ have alternate
feminine plural forms; the verb Ko khe ‘row’ has the feminine plural
form with inserted ya y glide; the verb jaa ja: ‘go’ has an irregular past
perfective form.
Some transitive verbs have irregular perfective participle forms.
Verb Masculine Feminine
Sg Pl Sg Pl
kr kar do ikyaa kiya: ike kiye kI ki: kIM kĩ:
lao le take ilayaa liya: ilae liye laI li: laIM lĩ:
pI pi: drink ipyaa piya: ipyao piye pI pi: pIM pĩ:
do de give idyaa diya: idyao diye dI di: dIM dĩ:
Simple-perfective
The simple-perfective form appears without verbal auxiliaries.
- laD,ka/laD,kI Gar gayaa/ ga[-.
larka:/larki: ghar ga:ya:/ ga:yi:.
boy/girl home went-ms/went-fs
The boy/girl went home. - maOMnao /]sanao/ ]nhaoMnao tsvaIr doKI.
m ́ne~ /hamne/usne/unhõne tasvi:r dekhi:.
I-erg/we-erg/(s)he-erg/they-erg picture-fs saw-fs
I/we/(s)he/they saw the picture.
Present-perfective
- maOM kaolakta gayaa hUÐ.
m ́~ kolkata: gaya: hũ:.