3. MORPHOLOGY
Preceding another adverb
- vah kla bahut toja, daOD,a.
vah kal bahut tez dørha:.
he yesterday very fast ran
He ran very fast yesterday.
3.5.1. Types of Adverbs
Adverbs can be classified by form or function. By function, adverbs
can be grouped into the following subclasses.
(a) Adverbs of time/duration: Aaja a:j ‘today,’ kla kal ‘yesterday,’ saubah
subah ‘morning.’
(b) Adverbs of place or direction: AMdr andar ‘in/inside,’ baahr ba:har
‘out/outside.’
(c) Adverbs of manner: AasaanaI sao a:sa:ni: se ‘easily,’ QaIro-QaIro dhi:re-
dhi:re ‘slowly.’
(d) Adverbs of reason: garIbaI ko karNa gari:bi: ke ka:ran ‘for the reason
of poverty,’ kmaja,aorI ko karNa kamzori: ke ka:ran ‘for the reason of
weakness.’
(e) Adverbs of instrument: klama sao kalam se ‘with pen,’ caakU sao ca:ku: se
‘with knife.’
(f) Adverbs of purpose: pZ,nao ko ilae parhne ke liye ‘for reading,’ kama ko
ilae ka:m ke liye ‘for work.’
(g) Comitative: X -ko saaqa -ke sa:th ‘with/ in the company of X,’ and
(h) Adverbs of degree/intensity: bahut bahut ‘very,’ kafI ka:phi:
‘enough,’ ivarlaa hI kao[- virla: hi: koyi: ‘hardly any,’ lagaBaga lagbhag
‘approximately.’
By form, adverbs can be classified into the following subgroups: (a)
basic or non-derived adverbs, (b) derived adverbs, (c) phrasal
adverbs, (d) reduplicated adverbs, and (e) particles.