3. MORPHOLOGY
as in yahaÐ sao yahã: se/[Qar sao idhar se ‘in this direction,’ vahaÐ sao vahã: se/
vahaÐ kI Aaor vahã: ki: or/ ]Qar sao udhar se ‘in that direction’, khaÐ sao kahã:
se/ khaÐ kI Aaor kahã: ki: or ‘in which direction.’ Manner adverbs are
formed by adding the suffixes -trh tarah/pkar praka:r as in [sa trh is tarah/ [sa pkar is praka:r ‘in this manner,’ ]sa trh us tarah/ ]sa p`kar us
praka:r ‘in that manner,’ iksa trh kis tarah ‘in which manner.’
(c) Phrasal adverbs are formed by adding a simple or a compound
postposition to a noun.
- vah tIna idna ko baad/pScaat Aayaa.
vah ti:n din ke ba:d/pašca:t a:ya:.
he three days post. after came
He came after three days. - ]sanao pZ,nao sao phlao ApnaI eonak saaf, kI.
usne patr parhne se pahle apnii ́nak sa:f ki:.
he-erg letter read-inf-obl post before self’s glasses clean did
He cleaned his glasses before reading the letter. - hmaaro Gar ko pICo ek baD,a pak- hO.
hama:re ghar ke pi:che ek bara: pa:rk h ́.
our house post. behind a big park is
There is a big park behind our house.
(d) Adverbs can be reduplicated to show intensity and distribution:
QaIro- QaIro dhi:re-dhi:re ‘slowly,’ toja, - toja, tez- tez ‘fast’, khaÐ- khaÐ kahã: -
kahã: ‘where’, kBaI- kBaI kabhi: - kabhi: ‘sometimes.’
- vah QaIro- QaIro/ toja, - toja, calata hO.
vah dhi:re- dhi:re/tez- tez calta: h ́.
he slowly/fast walk-ptc is
He walks slowly/quickly.’ - pta nahIM vah khaÐ- khaÐ gayaa.
pata: nahĩ: vah kahã: - kahã: gaya:.
aware neg he where where went
One doesn’t know which places did he go to?