Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

4. SYNTAX

6c. yao safod kmaIjaoM, hOM.
ye safed kami:zẽ h ́~.
these white shirts are
These are white shirts.

The copular verb must be retained in both affirmative (positive) as
well as negative sentences. In the case of co-ordinate structures, it is
optionally deleted.

7. maaohna Da^@Tr hO.
   mohan da:ktar h ́.
   Mohan doctor is
   Mohan is a doctor.


8. saaohna vakIla nahIM hO.
   sohan vaki:l nahĩ: h ́.
   Sohan lawyer not is
   Sohan is not a lawyer.


9. maaohna AaOr AjaIt Da^@Tr hOM.
   mohan aur aji:t da:ktar h ́~.
   Mohan and Ajit doctors are
   Mohan and Ajit are doctors.

9a. maaohna Da^@Tr hO AaOr AjaIt BaI.
mohan da:ktar h ́ ør aji:t bhi:.
Mohan doctor is and Ajit too
Mohan is a doctor and so is Ajit.

9b. na maaohna vakIla hO AaOr na AjaIt.
na mohan vaki:l h ́ ør na aji:t.
neg Mohan lawyer is and neg Ajit
Neither Mohan nor Ajit is a lawyer.

The copular verb is used for definition, identity, existence, and role
functions. It is also used as a second member (explicator) in the
compound verb sequences.

10. Aajakla saUya- jaldI caZ,ta hO.
    a:jkal su:rya jaldi: carhta: h ́.
    nowadays sun quick rise-ptc is
    The sun rises early these days.