Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

4. SYNTAX

Backward deletion is not possible.

11b. *maaÐ nao kha ik Ø/vah (i) baoTa (i) p~ ilaKo.

*mã: ne kaha: ki Ø /vah (i) beta:(i) patr likhe.

Backward as well as forward deletion and pronominalization are
used to express anaphora.

12. [jaao Ø iktaba pZ, rhI hO ] vah laD,kI maorI baihna hO.

[jo Ø kita:b parh rahi: h ́] vah larki: meri: bahan h ́.
rel Ø book read-prog is cor girl my sister is

The girl who is reading a book is my sister.

12a. [jaao laD,kI iktaba pZ, rhI hO ] vah Ø maorI baihna hO.

[jo larki: kita:b parh rahi: h ́] vah Ø meri: bahan h ́.
rel girl book read-prog is cor Ø my sister is

The girl who is reading a book is my sister.

Anaphora between different sentences also uses the strategy of
deletion and pronominalization. No other strategy is employed.

4.3.7. Reflexives

A reflexive pronoun occupies the same position within a clause as
any other type of a pronoun. The only restriction is that the
antecedent of a reflexive pronoun must be the subject of its clause.
There is no other change except the selection of a dative case marker
or a postposition in its use as an indirect object. Emphatic possessive
pronouns do not require a co-referential antecedent.

1. vah laD,kI ]sakI ApnaI baoTI hO.
   vah larki: uski: apni: beti: h ́.
   that girl his emp/*refl
   That girl is his/her own.

Emphatic pronouns are sometimes completely homophonous with
possessive pronouns as in (2).