Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

2. PHONOLOGY

Stops and Affricates

In the production of stops, air coming out of the lungs is stopped at
the point of articulation and then released with plosion. Stops occur
at initial, medial, and final positions of words.

/p/ (voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop):
pla pal moment
kpD,a kapra: cloth
saaÐp sã:p snake
/ph/ (voiceless aspirated bilabial stop):
fla phal fruit
safla saphal successful
saaf sa:ph clean
/b/ (voiced unaspirated bilabial stop):
bala bal strength
AMbar ambar sky
saba sab all
/bh/ (voiced aspirated bilabial stop):
BaalaU bha:lu: bear
saBaa sabha: meeting
laaBa la:bh profit
/t/ (voiceless unaspirated dental stop):
tar ta:r wire
katnaa ka:tna: to spin
rat ra:t night
/th/ (voiceless aspirated dental stop):
qaalaI tha:li: palate
haqaI ha:thi: elephant
haqa ha:th hand
/d/ (voiced unaspirated dental stop):
drvaaja,a darva:za: door
vadI- vardi: uniform
baMd band closed
/dh/ (voiced aspirated dental stop):
Qana dhan wealth
AaQaa a:dha: half
dUQa du:dh milk
/t/ (voiceless unaspirated retroflex stop):
TaokrI tokri: basket