Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

3. MORPHOLOGY

8a. ]sanao baccaa saulaayaa.
usne bacca: sula:ya:

In the subject + kao ko + complement + verb constructions, the verbs
express the state of mind, physical experience, involuntarily actions,
feelings, obligations, and emotions (9-12).

9. saunaIta kao bauKar hO.
   suni:ta ko bhukha:r h ́
   Sunita-dat fever is
   Sunita has fever.


10. Amar kao duK huAa.
    amar ko dukh hua:
    Amar-dat pain felt
    Amar felt pain.


11. maaohna kao KaÐsaI Aa[-.
    mohan ko hãsĩ: a:i:
    Mohan-dat laugh came
    Mohan laughed.


12. baccao kao Dr lagaa.
    bacce ko dar laga:
    child-dat fear struck
    The child was afraid.

The postposition kao ko is used in the secondary object + kao ko + main
object + verb constructions.

13. maOM Apnao Baa[- kao p~ ilaK rha hUM.
    m ́~ apne bha:i: ko patr likh raha: hũ:
    I self-obl brother-dat letter write-prog am
    I am writing a letter to my brother.

Pronouns + kao ko have alternate forms as follows:

vah vah + kao ko = ]sakao/ ]sao usko/use
yah yah + kao ko = [sakao/ [sao isko/ise
[na in + kao ko = [nakao/ [nhoM inko/inhẽ
]na un + kao ko = ]nakao/ ]nhoM unko/unhẽ