3. MORPHOLOGY
- Aapko samaot saaro Anaupisqat/ gaOrhaija,r qao.
a:pke samet sa:re anupasthit/g ́rha:zir the.
you-gen including all absent were
All, including you, were absent. - Aapkao imalaakr hma dsa sadsya hOM.
a:pko mila:kar ham das sadasy h ́~.
you-dat include-cp we ten members are
We are ten members, including you.
Exclusion is expressed by the dative postpositions ko ibanaa ke bina:/ bagaOr
bag ́r ‘without.’
- Amar ko ibanaa/ bagaOr saaro ]pisqat /haija,r qao.
amar ke bina:/bag ́r sa:re upasthit/ha:zir the
Amar-gen without all present were
All, excluding/except Amar, were present.
Addition is expressed either by the use of the comitative compound
postposition ko saaqa ke sa:th ‘with/ along with,’ or by ko Aitir@t ke
atirikt/ Alaavaa ala:va: ‘in addition to.’
- maaohna ko saaqa ³saaqa ́/Alaavaa ]maa BaI Aa[-.
mohan ke sa:th (sa:th)/ala:va: uma: bhi: a:yi:
Mohan-gen with /besides Uma too came
In addition to Mohan, Uma came too.
Locational semantic functions are generally marked by the postposi-
tions kI Aaor ki: or ‘motion to,’ (ko baIca ke bi:c) maoM sao mẽ se ‘motion
through.’
- vah gaaÐva kI Aaor calaa.
vah ga:ũ: ki: or cala:
he village towards set out
He set out towards the village. - basa gaaÐva (ko baIca) maoM sao gauja,rtI hO.
bas ga:ũ: (ke bi:c) mẽ se guzarti: h ́
bus village-abl through passes-pr is
The bus passes through the village.