Biology of Disease

(Chapter 8) to keep the ECF and tissues at an appropriate pH. In addition, the HCO 3 – used in buffering must be regenerated to ...

has not been a net loss of H+ and the HCO 3 – used in buffering has not been regenerated. The HCO 3 – is regenerated when carbon ...

9.4 Types of Acid–Base Disorders Disorders of acid–base balance are either acidoses or alkaloses. In an acidosis, there is accum ...

lactic acidosis, poisoning with, for example, salicylate, methanol, ethylene glycol (Chapter 12) or the condition known as inher ...

Chronic respiratory acidosis is, again, usually due to a decline in alveolar ventilation. However, this is normally a well estab ...

thePCO 2 and HCO 3 – concentration will both be abnormal. For example, a patient with salicylate poisoning may have a metabolic ...

anticoagulant, such as heparin, and transported to the hospital laboratory at 4 oC. Care must be taken that air does not enter a ...

CASE STUDIES CZhhVg6]bZY!BVjgZZc9Vlhdc!8]g^hHb^i]:YLddY '(* CASE STUDY 9.1 John is a young man with a history of dyspep ...

9.6 Summary The pH of the blood is maintained at 7.4 within normal limits by physiological mechanisms that remove the H+ and CO ...

Further Reading CZhhVg6]bZY!BVjgZZc9Vlhdc!8]g^hHb^i]:YLddY '(, FURTHER READING Allen, K (2005) Four-step method of inte ...

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'(. X]VeiZg&%/ DIET AND DISEASE 10.1 Introduction Nutrition is concerned with food and how the body uses it. All nutrients ...

10.2 Diet and Nutrition Food is obviously needed to sustain life but a balanced diet is vital for good health. General evidence ...

Unfortunately, RDAs were often used inappropriately to assess the dietary needs of individuals. Accordingly, in 1991, they were ...

A number of fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body including linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid (Figure 10.4) and a ...

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 and V-6 fatty acids are EFAs because they are not synthesized by the body but must be obtain ...

V-3:V-6 of 2:1 or 1:1 are a healthier balance. The American Heart Association and the UK Food Standards Agency recommends that p ...

Vitamins Vitamins are organic substances that the body cannot synthesize or can make only from chemically closely related compou ...

Vitamin B 1 or thiamin is an essential component of the coenzyme or prosthetic group, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP, Figure 10.10). ...

are electron and hydrogen carriers. The former is crucial in electron transport associated with oxidative phosphorylation and AT ...