Biology of Disease

BOX 17.3 Cachexia Cachexia (derived from the Greek words kakosmeaning bad andhexis, condition) is characterized by a severe loss ...

PIF/TNF-AZAG FFAs FFAs Amino acids Liver Skeletal muscle (proteolysis) ZAG ZAG Tumor Glucose Lactate Glucose Lactate PIF PIF He ...

Computed axial tomography scanners were introduced into hospitals in the UK in 1975. The technique uses X-rays to take sequentia ...

Solid tissue obtained for histological examination must be processed in order to obtain thin sections for microscopic examinatio ...

is to extract DNA using a fine needle biopsy, to amplify the DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Chapter 3), and to ...

Chemotherapy More than 100 different drugs are used to treat different cancers. They are usually given in combination (Chapter 3 ...

Alkylating agents that have two reactive groups are bifunctional and can cross-link two biomolecules. Cross-linking the two stra ...

therapeutic use. The vinca alkaloids vincristine, vinblastine and vinorelbine (Figure 17.27), all derived originally from the pe ...

Drug Examples of clinical use 5-FU breast and GIT cancers Ara-C acute leukemia 6-MP acute myeloid leukemia acute lymphoblastic l ...

antibodies. For example, antibodies have been used to target cytotoxic drugs and toxins such as ricin directly at tumor cells, t ...

An exciting development in immunotherapy has been the production and clinical trials of a number of anticancer vaccines based on ...

of, and on, granite, is also responsible for a small but statistically significant number of cases each year. People who work in ...

of the patient. During surgery, lymph nodes are sampled to aid more accurate staging of disease. Radiotherapy is recommended for ...

Nipple Rib Fatty tissue Connective tissue Duct opening Tumor Lobules Figure 17.32Schematic illustrating the presence of a cancer ...

growth factor (hEGF). Breast cancers that are positive for HER2 proteins are stimulated to divide by naturally occurring hEGF an ...

Figure 17.33Diagrams illustrating (A) the normal appearance of the prostate gland and (B) a rectal examination of a cancerous pr ...

be restricted to the more aggressive forms of the disease. Prostatectomy is the removal of the whole prostate gland and may resu ...

Prostate cancer cells have receptors for the active form of testosterone and their growth requires a supply of testosterone from ...

the age of 25 years. The development of colorectal cancer is also associated with both hypomethylation and hypermethylation of D ...

the patient does not require a colostomy bag. Patients with rectal cancer may be given radiation treatment after surgery to redu ...