Biology of Disease

consist of two identical heavy chains each with a Mrof 50 000 and two identical

light chains each with a Mrof 25 000. Both heavy and light chains have a domain

structure. A domain is a globular region made up of approximately 110 amino

acid residues and stabilized by an intrachain disulfide bond (Figure 4.9). The

heavy chain of IgG has four domains while the light chain has only two.

X]VeiZg)/ THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

-' W^dad\nd[Y^hZVhZ

Figure 4.9 A schematic showing the domains

of an immunoglobulin molecule. The interchain

disulfide bonds have been omitted for clarity.

The domain substructure of

polypeptides is found in proteins

throughout the immune system,

indicating that these proteins share

a common evolutionary relationship.

Proteins with this domain structure

are members of the immunoglobulin

superfamily and include T cell

receptors, MHC molecules and cell

surface proteins such as Cluster of

Differentiation CD4 and CD8 (Section

4.5).

Margin Note 4.3 Domains

i

The interchain disulfide links between the two heavy chains and between

the light and the heavy chains (Figure 4.8 (A)) produce two units, called the

Fab, or fragment antigen binding, part of which can recognize and bind to

an epitope (Figure 4.8 (C)). The remainder of the molecule, consisting only

of the carboxyl terminal halves of the heavy chains is known as the Fc, or

fragment crystallizable, portion. The Fc region is concerned with complement

activation, placental transfer and binding to LGL and phagocytes.

Immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest of the antibodies with a Mr of about

900 000. Its concentration in the plasma is roughly 1.5 mg cm–3, which is

approximately 10% of the plasma immunoglobulins. Most IgM is vascular,

with little present in lymph or secretions. Immunoglobulin M is always the

first antibody to be produced during an immune response and is also the

predominant one formed when an immunogen is encountered for the first

time, that is, during a primary response (Figure 4.10). The structure of IgM is

shown in Figure 4.11 (A). Four polypeptide chains form a structure somewhat

similar to that of IgG but this four-chain structure is repeated five times. The

five units are joined by their Fc portions by a J chain. Thus, each molecule of

IgM has ten binding sites, the largest number of any of the antibody classes.

Immunoglobulin M is efficient at agglutinatingcells or clumping them

together, and is an effective activator of complement.

Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is found in plasma at concentrations between 0.5–

3.0 mg cm–3 but is also the major antibody found in body secretions, including

mucus, saliva and tears. Thus, it protects mucosal surfaces. In humans,

most plasma IgA occurs in the familiar four chain structure, similar to IgG

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Hinge region

Heavy chain

Light chain

CH (^3) A domain
CH 1
CH 2
CL
VL
VH