3.
Endotoxins Exotoxins
Produced by Gram negative
bacteria only.exotoxins are proteins secreted by both
Gram positive and negative bacteria.
Consist of portions of
lipopolysaccharides embedded
in the outer wall membrane.three groups:
1) damage membranes, causing the cell to lose water and
ions and disrupt ion gradients across the membrane;
2) those with specific host targets – wide variety of types;
3) superantigens synthesized by Gram-positive pathogens
stimulate the immune system by binding MHC class II
molecules and TH cell receptors.
Damage caused varies with the
susceptibility of the host.
Endotoxins stimulate host cells
to release pyrogens therefore
fever is a common outcome.
Endotoxic shock can result.CHAPTER 3
- Viral Herpes, HIV, papillomaviruses
Bacterial Candida,Chlamydia,Neisseria gonorrhoeaeand
Treponema pallidum
Protozoal Trichomonas
Fungal Candida - Culture of specimens; microscopy, serological detection and
biochemical and molecular techniques. - The student is suffering from a form of food poisoning. Given the
presence of blood, a possible cause is enterohemorrhagicEscherichia
coli(EHEC). Treatment should consist of antibiotic therapy and
intravenous fluids if dehydration is severe. - Colistin sulfate (CO), nalidixic acid (NA) and nitrofurantoin (NI)
- Both griseofulvin and albendazole interfere with microtubule
functions but griseofulvin is used to treat fungal infections and
albendazole helminth parasites. - They may inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial nucleic acids.
They may inhibit the synthesis of bacterial proteins.
They may inhibit the synthesis the bacterial cell wall.
They act by a variety of miscellaneous mechanisms. - Combination therapy
CHAPTER 4
- c
- a
- b
- All mature T lymphocytes have CD3;
all B lymphocytes have surface immunoglobulin;
macrophages have receptors for complement;
helper T lymphocytes are CD4+;
cytotoxic T lymphocytes are CD8+.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS*)' W^dad\nd[Y^hZVhZ