Biology of Disease

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

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6 c

7. (a) Sajida has hyperprolactinemia;
   (b) Probably treatment with the antidopamine;
   (c) Sajida should be advised to stop taking the antidopamine drug
   which should resolve both the hyperprolactinemia and the
   galactorrhea.


8. The glucose load has not suppressed the levels of GH. This is typical of,
   and confirms, the diagnosis of acromegaly.

9.

Type 1 Type 2

Deficiency of insulin insulin resistance

Acute onset chronic onset

Usually presents in childhood or adolescence occurs in middle aged or elderly

Loss of weight strong association with obesity

Prone to DKA prone to HONK

10. Human GH promotes the linear growth of bones and stimulates an
    increased uptake of amino acids by cells and increased synthesis
    of proteins. It also stimulates increases in blood glucose and fat
    metabolism.


11. Congenital hypothyroidism is common with an incidence of one in
    3500 newborns in the UK. Clinical evidence at birth that the child is
    abnormal is often absent. If the condition is not detected and treated,
    then the affected children suffer from cretinism which is characterized
    by irreversible brain damage, short stature, deafness and neurological
    signs.

CHAPTER 8

1. After a couple of days the kidneys adapt to decreased water intake
   and conserve water and electrolytes. However, insensible loss of
   some water does occur and both ECF and ICF values decline. As
   a consequence Robin will have hypernatremia. The decline in ECF
   volume will reach a critical level and will be unable to maintain blood
   circulation resulting in death. It is not a good idea to drink seawater
   as this contains high concentrations of salt (450 mmol dm–3) and Mg2+
   (50 mmol dm–3) that aggravate the hypernatremia. The high salt can
   induce vomiting whereas the high Mg2+may cause diarrhea and so
   further fluid loss.


2. The symptoms and high Na+and urea concentrations are all indicative
   of dehydration, presumably as a consequence of Jane not eating and
   drinking for several days.


3. e


4. 2.0 mmol dm–3


5. d


6. Given that Alice’s hypocalcemia was difficult to control and the doses
   of vitamin D were gradually increased, her hypercalcemia is probably
   iatrogenic.


7. Hypercalcemia commonly occurs in tumors that metastasize to the
   bones, such as those of the lung, breast and kidneys. Hypercalcemia