Biology of Disease

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

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The value for skinfold thickness for A is within the standard range,

while B’s value is above the normal range.

Arm circumference for both A and B are within the standard range.

The waist:hip ratio for B is greater than 0.95.

In general, the results for A are associated with a low health risk;

those for B show definite obesity with all its attendant health risks as

indicated inFigure 10.25.

CHAPTER 11

1. b


2. d


3. (a) The most likely diagnosis is secondary acquired lactose
   intolerance following damage to the intestinal mucosa by the
   viral attack.
   (b) Tests include a lactose-free diet, hydrogen breath test, the stool
   acidity test and lactose tolerance test. A biopsy of the mucosa
   could be taken and tested for lactase activity if necessary. Since
   the symptoms are common to numerous other GIT conditions,
   care must be taken with the diagnosis.
   (c) Qiuyu’s treatment should be a lactose-free diet that should
   quickly relieve her symptoms.


4. Some causes of jaundice are:
   (a) hemolysis, for example autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-
   induced hemolysis
   (b) drugs, for example rifampicin which interferes with bilirubin
   uptake
   (c) Gilbert’s syndrome
   (d) Criggler-Najjar syndrome
   (e) gallstones
   (f) pancreatic carcinoma


5. Causes of malabsorption include:
   (a) deficiencies in pancreatic enzymes
   (b) deficiencies in bile salts
   (c) intestinal disease(s)
   (d) bacterial colonization of GIT

CHAPTER 12

1. (c)


2. (c)


3. The earlier the treatment the better the prognosis as early treatment
   reduces the extent of hepatotoxicity. A delay in treatment can be fatal.


4. Aldehyde will build up in hepatocytes and blood following the
   oxidation of ethanol. This will produce a range of unpleasant
   symptoms in the patient (headaches, nausea, vomiting etc.) that
   will eventually be associated with the use of alcoholic drinks and so
   produce a deterrent effect.


5. Many actions of ethanol may be attributed to its effects in disordering
   membranes, and changes in membrane fluidity can affect membrane-
   bound enzymes such as the Na+/K+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase. It