Biology of Disease

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

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CHAPTER 18

1. c


2. d


3. d


4. Proteins become glycated on exposure to reducing sugars. These
   glycated proteins undergo further reaction forming fluorescent, cross-
   linked structures called advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
   These are formed irreversibly and accumulate on long-lived proteins,
   for example, collagen and as the body ages such proteins in particular
   become cross-linked. This is believed to contribute towards the aging
   process.


5. Any four from:
   decreased oxidative phosphorylation;
   decreased protein synthesis;
   decreased absorption of nutrients;
   increased damage (mutations) to DNA;
   accumulation of oxidative stress damage;
   accumulation of glycated proteins and AGEs;
   changes to the morphology of organelles.


6. Any five from:
   cataract;
   diabetes mellitus type 2;
   osteoarthritis;
   Parkinson’s disease;
   Alzheimer’s disease;
   cardiovascular disease;
   cancers.


7. b

8.

Feature Familial AD Senile AD

Age of onset / years 45 to 60 (sometimes as low as 30) 60 to 65

Percentage of cases 5–10 90–95

Associated gene or risk factor PS-1 and PS-2 genes apoED 4