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Machine Drawing

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  • 1INTRODUCTION Preface to First Edition ix

    • 1.1 Graphic Language

      • 1.1.1 General

      • 1.1.2 Importance of Graphic Language

      • 1.1.3 Need for Correct Drawings



    • 1.2 Classification of Drawings

      • 1.2.1 Machine Drawing

      • 1.2.2 Production Drawing

      • 1.2.3 Part Drawing

      • 1.2.4 Assembly Drawing





  • 2PRINCIPLES OF DRAWING

    • 2.1 Introduction

    • 2.2 Drawing Sheet

      • 2.2.1 Sheet Sizes

      • 2.2.2 Designation of Sizes

      • 2.2.3 Title Block

      • 2.2.4 Borders and Frames

      • 2.2.5 Centring Marks

      • 2.2.6 Metric Reference Graduation

      • 2.2.7 Grid Reference System (Zoning)

      • 2.2.8 Trimming Marks



    • 2.3 Scales

      • 2.3.1 Designation

      • 2.3.2 Recommended Scales

      • 2.3.3 Scale Specification



    • 2.4 Lines

      • 2.4.1 Thickness of Lines

      • 2.4.2 Order of Priority of Coinciding Lines

      • 2.4.3 Termination of Leader Lines



    • 2.5 Lettering

      • 2.5.1 Dimensions



    • 2.6 Sections xii Machine Drawing

      • 2.6.1 Hatching of Sections

      • 2.6.2 Cutting Planes

      • 2.6.3 Revolved or Removed Section

      • 2.6.4 Half Section

      • 2.6.5 Local Section

      • 2.6.6 Arrangement of Successive Sections



    • 2.7 Conventional Representation

      • 2.7.1 Materials

      • 2.7.2 Machine Components



    • 2.8 Dimensioning

      • 2.8.1 General Principles

      • 2.8.2 Method of Execution

      • 2.8.3 Termination and Origin Indication

      • 2.8.4 Methods of Indicating Dimensions

      • 2.8.5 Arrangement of Dimensions

      • 2.8.6 Special Indications



    • 2.9 Standard Abbreviations

    • 2.10 Examples



  • 3ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

    • 3.1 Introduction

    • 3.2 Principle of First Angle Projection

    • 3.3 Methods of Obtaining Orthographic Views

      • 3.3.1 View from the Front

      • 3.3.2 View from Above

      • 3.3.3 View from the Side



    • 3.4 Presentation of Views

    • 3.5 Designation and Relative Positions of Views

    • 3.6 Position of the Object

      • 3.6.1 Hidden Lines

      • 3.6.2 Curved Surfaces



    • 3.7 Selection of Views

      • 3.7.1 One-view Drawings

      • 3.7.2 Two-view Drawings

      • 3.7.3 Three-view Drawings



    • 3.8 Development of Missing Views

      • 3.8.1 To Construct the View from the Left, from the Two Given Views



    • 3.9 Spacing the Views

    • 3.10 Examples



  • 4SECTIONAL VIEWS

    • 4.1 Introduction

    • 4.2 Full Section

    • 4.3 Half Section

    • 4.4 Auxiliary Sections

    • 4.5 Examples



  • 5SCREWED FASTENERS Contents xiii

    • 5.1 Introduction

    • 5.2 Screw Thread Nomenclature

    • 5.3 Forms of Threads

      • 5.3.1 Other Thread Profiles



    • 5.4 Thread Series

    • 5.5 Thread Designation

    • 5.6 Multi-start Threads

    • 5.7 Right Hand and Left Hand Threads

      • 5.7.1 Coupler-nut



    • 5.8 Representation of Threads

      • 5.8.1 Representation of Threaded Parts in Assembly



    • 5.9 Bolted Joint

      • 5.9.1 Methods of Drawing Hexagonal (Bolt Head) Nut

      • 5.9.2 Method of Drawing Square (Bolt Head) Nut

      • 5.9.3 Hexagonal and Square Headed Bolts

      • 5.9.4 Washers

      • 5.9.5 Other Forms of Bolts

      • 5.9.6 Other Forms of Nuts

      • 5.9.7 Cap Screws and Machine Screws

      • 5.9.8 Set Screws



    • 5.10 Locking Arrangements for Nuts

      • 5.10.1 Lock Nut

      • 5.10.2 Locking by Split Pin

      • 5.10.3 Locking by Castle Nut

      • 5.10.4 Wile’s Lock Nut

      • 5.10.5 Locking by Set Screw

      • 5.10.6 Grooved Nut

      • 5.10.7 Locking by Screw

      • 5.10.8 Locking by Plate

      • 5.10.9 Locking by Spring Washer



    • 5.11 Foundation Bolts

      • 5.11.1 Eye Foundation Bolt

      • 5.11.2 Bent Foundation Bolt

      • 5.11.3 Rag Foundation Bolt

      • 5.11.4 Lewis Foundation Bolt

      • 5.11.5 Cotter Foundation Bolt





  • 6KEYS, COTTERS AND PIN JOINTS

    • 6.1 Introduction

    • 6.2 Keys

      • 6.2.1 Saddle Keys

      • 6.2.2 Sunk Keys



    • 6.3 Cotter Joints

      • 6.3.1 Cotter Joint with Sleev

      • 6.3.2 Cotter Joint with Socket and Spigot Ends

      • 6.3.3 Cotter Joint with a Gib



    • 6.4 Pin Joints xiv Machine Drawing

      • 6.4.1 Knuckle Joint





  • 7SHAFT COUPLINGS

    • 7.1 Introduction

    • 7.2 Rigid Couplings

      • 7.2.1 Sleeve or Muff Couplings

      • 7.2.2 Flanged Couplings



    • 7.3 Flexible Couplings

      • 7.3.1 Bushed Pin Type Flanged Coupling

      • 7.3.2 Compression Coupling



    • 7.4 Dis-engaging Couplings

      • 7.4.1 Claw Coupling

      • 7.4.2 Cone Coupling



    • 7.5 Non-aligned Couplings

      • 7.5.1 Universal Coupling (Hooke’s Joint)

      • 7.5.2 Oldham Coupling

      • 7.5.3 Cushion Coupling





  • 8PIPE JOINTS

    • 8.1 Introduction

    • 8.2 Joints for Steam Pipes

      • 8.2.1 Joints for Cast Iron Pipes

      • 8.2.2 Joints for Copper Pipes

      • 8.2.3 Joints for Wrought Iron and Steel Pipes



    • 8.3 Joints for Hydraulic Pipes

      • 8.3.1 Socket and Spigot Joint

      • 8.3.2 Flanged Joint



    • 8.4 Special Pipe Joints

      • 8.4.1 Union Joint

      • 8.4.2 Expansion Joint



    • 8.5 Pipe Fittings

      • 8.5.1 GI Pipe Fittings

      • 8.5.2 CI Pipe Fittings

      • 8.5.3 PVC Pipes and Fittings



    • 8.6 Pipe Layout



  • 9PULLEYS

    • 9.1 Introduction

    • 9.2 Belt Driven Pulleys

      • 9.2.1 Flat Belt Pulleys

      • 9.2.2 V-belt Pulleys

      • 9.2.3 Rope Pulley





  • 10 RIVETED JOINTS

    • 10.1 Introduction

    • 10.2 Rivets and Riveting Contents xv

      • 10.2.1 Rivet

      • 10.2.2 Riveting

      • 10.2.3 Caulking and Fullering



    • 10.3 Rivet Heads

    • 10.4 Definitions

      • 10.4.1 Pitch

      • 10.4.2 Margin

      • 10.4.3 Chain Riveting

      • 10.4.4 Zig-Zag Riveting

      • 10.4.5 Row Pitch

      • 10.4.6 Diagonal Pitch



    • 10.5 Classification of Riveted Joints

      • 10.5.1 Structural Joints

      • 10.5.2 Boiler Joints





  • 11 WELDED JOINTS

    • 11.1 Introduction

    • 11.2 Welded Joints and Symbols

      • 11.2.1 Position of the Weld Symbols on the Drawings

      • 11.2.2 Conventional Signs

      • 11.2.3 Location of Welds

      • 11.2.4 Position of the Arrow Line

      • 11.2.5 Position of the Reference Line

      • 11.2.6 Position of the Symbol



    • 11.3 Dimensioning of Welds

      • 11.3.1 Dimensioning Fillet Welds



    • 11.4 Edge Preparation of Welds

    • 11.5 Surface Finish

    • 11.6 Rules to be Observed while Applying Symbols

    • 11.7 Welding Process Designations (Abbreviations)

    • 11.8 Examples



  • 12 BEARINGS

    • 12.1 Introduction

    • 12.2 Sliding Contact Bearings

      • 12.2.1 Journal Bearings



    • 12.3 Rolling Contact (Anti-friction) Bearings

      • 12.3.1 Radial Bearings

      • 12.3.2 Thrust Bearings





  • 13 CHAINS AND GEARS

    • 13.1 Introduction

    • 13.2 Chain Drives

    • 13.3 Roller Chains

    • 13.4 Inverted Tooth or Silent Chains

    • 13.5 Sprockets xvi Machine Drawing

    • 13.6 Design of Roller Chain Drives

    • 13.7 Gears

    • 13.8 Types of Gears

    • 13.9 Gear Nomenclature

    • 13.10 Tooth Profiles

      • 13.10.1 Involute Tooth Profile

      • 13.10.2 Approximate Construction of Tooth Profiles



    • 13.11 Gears and Gearing

      • 13.11.1 Spur Gear

      • 13.11.2 Spur Gearing

      • 13.11.3 Helical Gear

      • 13.11.4 Helical Gearing

      • 13.11.5 Bevel Gear

      • 13.11.6 Bevel Gearing

      • 13.11.7 Worm and Worm Gear (Wheel)





  • 14 JIGS AND FIXTURES

    • 14.1 Introduction

    • 14.2 Presentation of Work Piece

    • 14.3 Jig Components

      • 14.3.1 Jig Body

      • 14.3.2 Locating Devices

      • 14.3.3 Clamping Devices

      • 14.3.4 Bushings



    • 14.4 Various Types of Jigs

      • 14.4.1 Channel Jig

      • 14.4.2 Box Jig



    • 14.5. Fixture Components

      • 14.5.1 Fixture Base

      • 14.5.2 Clamps

      • 14.5.3 Set Blocks



    • 14.6 Types of Fixtures

      • 14.6.1 Indexing Type Milling Fixture

      • 14.6.2 Turning Fixture

      • 14.6.3 Welding Fixture





  • 15 Limits, Tolerances, and Fits

    • 15.1 Introduction

    • 15.2 Limit System

      • 15.2.1 Tolerance

      • 15.2.2 Limits

      • 15.2.3 Deviation

      • 15.2.4 Actual Deviation

      • 15.2.5 Upper Deviation

      • 15.2.6 Lower Deviation

      • 15.2.7 Allowance

        • 15.2.8 Basic Size Contents xvii

        • 15.2.9 Design Size

        • 15.2.10 Actual Size





    • 15.3 Tolerances

      • 15.3.1 Fundamental Tolerances

      • 15.3.2 Fundamental Deviations

        • Dimensions) 15.3.3 Method of Placing Limit Dimensions (Tolerancing Individual





    • 15.4 Fits

      • 15.4.1 Clearance Fit

      • 15.4.2 Transition Fit

      • 15.4.3 Interference Fit



    • 15.5 Tolerances of Form and Position

      • 15.5.1 Introduction

      • 15.5.2 Form Variation

      • 15.5.3 Position Variation

      • 15.5.4 Geometrical Tolerance

      • 15.5.5 Tolerance Zone

      • 15.5.6 Definitions

      • 15.5.7 Indicating Geometrical Tolerances on the Drawing

      • 15.5.8 Indication of Feature Controlled

      • 15.5.9 Standards Followed in Industry





  • 16 Surface Roughness

    • 16.1 Introduction

    • 16.2 Surface Roughness

      • 16.2.1 Actual Profile, Af

        • 16.2.2 Reference Profile, Rf

        • 16.2.3 Datum Profile, Df

        • 16.2.4 Mean Profile, Mf



      • 16.2.5 Peak-to-valley Height, Rt

        • 16.2.6 Mean Roughness Index, Ra

        • 16.2.7 Surface Roughness Number





    • 16.3 Machining Symbols

    • 16.4 Indication of Surface Roughness

      • 16.4.1 Indication of Special Surface Roughness Characteristics

      • 16.4.2 Indication of Machining Allowance

      • 16.4.3 Indications of Surface Roughness Symbols on Drawings





  • 17 Blueprint Reading

    • 17.1 Introduction

    • 17.2 Examples

      • 17.2.1 Rear Tool Post

      • 17.2.2 Pump Housing

      • 17.2.3 Gear Box Cover

      • 17.2.4 Steam Stop Valve



    • 17.3 Exercises

      • 17.3.1 Worm Gear Housing

        • 17.3.2 Connector xviii Machine Drawing

        • 17.3.3 Square Tool Post

        • 17.3.4 Milling Fixture







  • 1 8Assembly Drawings

    • 18.1 Introduction

    • 18.2 Engine Parts

      • 18.2.1 Stuffing Box

      • 18.2.2 Steam Engine Crosshead

      • 18.2.3 Crosshead

      • 18.2.4 Steam Engine Connecting Rod End

      • 18.2.5 Marine Engine Connecting Rod End

      • 18.2.6 Piston

      • 18.2.7 Radial Engine Sub-assembly

      • 18.2.8 Eccentric

      • 18.2.9 Rotary Gear Pump

      • 18.2.10 Air Valve

      • 18.2.11 Fuel Injector

      • 18.2.12 Single Plate Clutch

      • 18.2.13 Multiplate Friction Clutch



    • 18.3 Machine Tool Parts and Accessories

      • 18.3.1 Single Tool Post

      • 18.3.2 Square Tool Post

      • 18.3.3 Clapper Block

      • 18.3.4 Shaper Tool Head Slide

      • 18.3.5 Lathe Tail-stock

      • 18.3.6 Milling Machine Tail-stock

      • 18.3.7 Revolving Centre

      • 18.3.8 Floating Reamer Holder

      • 18.3.9 Machine Vice

      • 18.3.10 Swivel Machine Vice

      • 18.3.11 Drill Jig

      • 18.3.12 Indexing Drill Jig

      • 18.3.13 Self-centring Chuck

      • 18.3.14 Four Jaw Chuck



    • 18.4 Valves and Boiler Mountings

      • 18.4.1 Gate Valve

      • 18.4.2 Screw Down Stop Valve

      • 18.4.3 Non-return Valve (Light Duty)

      • 18.4.4 Non-return Valve

      • 18.4.5 Air Cock

      • 18.4.6 Blow-off Cock

      • 18.4.7 Feed Check Valve

      • 18.4.8 Pressure Relief Valve

      • 18.4.9 Lever Safety Valve

      • 18.4.10 Spring Loaded Relief Valve

      • 18.4.11 Ramsbottom Safety Valve



    • 18.5 Miscellaneous Parts

      • 18.5.1 Socket and Spigot Joint

        • 18.5.2 Knuckle Joint

        • 18.5.3 Protected Flanged Coupling

        • 18.5.4 Bushed-pin Type Flanged Coupling

        • 18.5.5 Oldham Coupling

        • 18.5.6 Universal Coupling

        • 18.5.7 Plummer Block

        • 18.5.8 Swivel Bearing

        • 18.5.9 Foot-step Bearing

        • 18.5.10 C-clamp

        • 18.5.11 Crane Hook

        • 18.5.12 V-Belt Drive

        • 18.5.13 Screw Jack

        • 18.5.14 Pipe Vice

        • 18.5.15 Speed Reducer







  • 19 Part Drawings

    • 19.1 Introduction

    • 19.2 Engine Parts

      • 19.2.1 Petrol Engine Connecting Rod

      • 19.2.2 Marine Engine Connecting Rod End

      • 19.2.3 Steam Engine Connecting Rod End

      • 19.2.4 Spark Plug

      • 19.2.5 Steam Engine Crosshead

      • 19.2.6 Automobile Gear Box

      • 19.2.7 Split-sheave Eccentric



    • 19.3 Machine Tool Parts and Accessories

      • 19.3.1 Tool Post

      • 19.3.2 Lathe Slide Rest

      • 19.3.3 Lathe Speed Gear Box

      • 19.3.4 Milling Machine Tail Stock

      • 19.3.5 Lathe Travelling Rest

      • 19.3.6 Self-centering Vice

      • 19.3.7 Milling Fixture

      • 19.3.8 Indexing Drill Jig

      • 19.3.9 Pierce and Blank Tool



    • 19.4 Miscellaneous Parts

      • 19.4.1 Blow-off Cock

      • 19.4.2 Steam Stop Valve

      • 19.4.3 Ramsbottom Safety Valve

      • 19.4.4 Diaphragm Regulator

      • 19.4.5 Angle Plummer Block

      • 19.4.6 Castor Wheel

      • 19.4.7 Speed Reducer





  • 20 Production Drawings

    • 20.1 Introduction

    • 20.2 Types of Production Drawings

      • 20.2.1 Detail or Part Drawings





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