- “CTX-M-a5 is the most widely distributed, having reached endemic prevalence
in much of Asia, southern Europe, and South America.” - “The absence of full environmental fate and effect data of antibiotics inhibits an
ef fective assessment of the potential risk through environmental pathways...The
future development of more effective biodegradable antibiotics might facilitate
their rapid degradation in the environment.” - “The most important emerging public health threats is that of large-scale
dissemination of multi-resistant pathogens in the hospital environment, the
community, and the wider environment” contributing to a global antibiotic
resistance crisis.
Wenzel, R. P. (2004). The antibiotic pipeline-challenges, costs, and values. New
England Journal of Medicine. 351. pg. 523-6.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp048093
White, D., et al. (2001). The isolation of antibiotic-resistant salmonella from retail
ground meats. The New England Journal of Medicine. 345(16). pg. 1147-54.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa010315
- “We identified and characterized strains of salmonella isolated from ground
meats purchased in the Washington, D.C. area.” - “Of 200 meat samples, 41 (20 percent) contained salmonella, with a total of 13
serotypes. Eighty-four percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one
antibiotic, and 53 percent were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Sixteen
percent of the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for
treating salmonellosis in children.” - “Resistant strains of salmonella are common in retail ground meats. These
findings provide support for the adoption of guidelines for the prudent use of
antibiotics in food animals and for a reduction in the number of pathogens
present on farms and in slaughterhouses. National surveillance for antimicrobial-
resistant salmonella should be extended to include retail meats.”
Wikipedia. (2016). Foodborne illness.
- “Microbes (if applicable) can pass through the stomach into the intestine via cells
lining the intestinal walls and begin to multiply.”
Wolfe, N. D., Dunavan, C. P. and Diamond, J. (2007). Origins of major human
infectious diseases. Nature. 447. pg. 279-83.
Woodford, N., Turton, J. and Livermore, D. (2011). Multiresistant Gram-negative
bacteria: The role of high-risk clones in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.