Andersson, D. I. and Hughes, D. (2011). Persistence of antibiotic resistance in
bacterial populations. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 35. pg. 901-11.
http://femsre.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21707669
- “In this review, we discuss the multitude of mechanisms and processes that are
involved in causing the persistence of chromosomal and plasmid-borne
resistance determinants and how we might use them to our advantage to increase
the likelihood of reversing the problem.” - “Very low antibiotic concentration can be enriching for resistant
bacteria...antibiotic release into the environment could contribute to the selection
for resistance.”
Apata, D. F. (2009). Antibiotic resistance in poultry. Journal of Poultry Science. 8(4).
pg. 404-08. http://www.pjbs.org/ijps/fin1345.pdf
- “Sub therapeutic dosing in feed increase the rate of weight gain and improve the
efficiency of converting feed to meat. The recommended levels of antibiotics in
feed were 5-10 kg in the 1950’s and have increased by ten to twenty folds since
then.”
Arias, C. A. and Murray, B. E. (2009). Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century – a
clinical super-challenge. The New England Journal of Medicine. 360(5). pg. 439-43.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0804651
- “By 2003, more than 50% of S. aureus isolates recovered in U.S. hospitals were
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).” - “It is more difficult than ever to eradicate infections caused by antibiotic-
resistant “superbugs,” and the problem is exacerbated by a dry pipeline for new
antimicrobials with bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria and
enterococci.” - “A concerted effort on the part of academic researchers and their institutions,
industry, and government is crucial if humans are to maintain the upper hand in
this battle against bacteria – a fight with global consequences.”
Armstrong, J. L., Shigeno, D. S., Calomiris, J. J. and Seidler, R. J. (1981). Antibiotic-
resistant bacteria in drinking water. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 42. pg. 277-
Ash, R., Mauck, B. and Morgan, M. (2002). Antibiotic resistance of gram-negative
bacteria in rivers, United States. Emerging Infectious Disease. 8(7). pg. 713 -6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730334/