- “Bacteria with intrinsic resistance to antibiotics are found in nature. Such
organisms may acquire additional resistance genes from bacteria introduced into
soil or water, and the resident bacteria may be the reservoir or source of
widespread resistant organisms found in many environments.” - “We isolated antibiotic-resistant bacteria in freshwater samples from 16 U.S.
rivers at 22 sites and measured the prevalence of organisms resistant to [beta]-
lactam and non-[beta]-lactam antibiotics. Over 40% of the bacteria resistant to
more than one antibiotic had at least one plasmid. Ampicillin resistance genes,
as well as other resistance traits, were identified in 70% of the plasmids. The
most common resistant organisms belonged to the following genera:
Acinetobacter, Alciligenes, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and
Serratia.”
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC).
(2014). MRSA infection rates drop in veterans affairs long-term care facilities. Infection
Control Today. http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2014/01/mrsa-infection-
rates-drop-in -veterans-affairs-longterm-care-facilities.aspx
- “Four years after implementing a national initiative to reduce methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rates in Veterans Affairs (VA) long-
term care facilities, MRSA infections have declined significantly, according to a
study in the January issue of the American Journal of Infection Control, the
official publication of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and
Epidemiology (APIC).”
Baam, B., Gandhi, N. and Freitas, Y. (1996). Antibiotic activity of marine
microorganisms. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen. 13. pg. 181-
Baquero, F., Martinez, J. and Canton, R. (2008) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in
water environments. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 19. pg. 260-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534838
Barraud, O., Casellas, M. Dagot, C. and Ploy, M.-C. (2012). An antibiotic-resistant
class 3 integron in an Enterobacter cloacae isolate from hospital effluent. Clinical
Microbiology and Infection. 19. pg. E306-08.
http://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)61852-8/pdf
- “Class 3 integrons could thus be involved in the dissemination of antibiotic
resistance in both clinical settings and the environment, and could participate in
the exchange of antibiotic-resistance GCs between these two ecosystems.”