of aquatic ecosystem impairment and contamination of surface-water and
groundwater drinking-water supplies.”- “Wastewater contaminants raise fundamental concerns due to the chemical and
biological complexity of wastewater mixtures, the potential for introduction into
water resources, and the wide range of ecological and human health impacts.” - “Wastewater pharmaceuticals are especially challenging due to their: relative
solubility and high mobility in aqueous environments compared with many other
wastewater contaminants; designed high bioactivities and long shelf-lives
(biorecalcitrance); and wide range of potential ecological endpoints including
toxicity, endocrine disruption, immune-modulation, antibiotic resistance
selection, as well as cytotoxicity and mutagenesis.”
California Healthcare Institute (2011). Promoting antibiotic discovery and
development: A California healthcare institute initiative.
http://www.chi.org/uploadedFiles/Industry_at_a_glance/CHI%20Antibiotic%20White
%20Paper_FINAL.pdf
- “The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the power and the ability to
solve this problem. This is because the most important barrier to industry
investment is the FDA regulatory process.” - “The RandD time for taking a new molecule from identification to clinical use is
typically about eight years...The pharmaceutical industry views the current state
of FDA regulation of antibiotics as uncertain and unduly risky.” - “The rapid emergence on a global basis of bacteria resistant to all known
antibiotics has created a looming public health crisis that is affecting all hospitals
and communities in the U.S. Regulatory and market forces have led to an exodus
of major pharmaceutical companies from the field.” - CHI...probably a California biomedical community sponsored institute.
Canton, R., Friedrich, A., Poirel, L. et al. (2013). Carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: A survey among national experts from 39 countries,
February 2013. European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 7.
http://www.eurosurveillance.org.
- “Thirty three of the NEs indicated that Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most
frequent Enterobacteriaceae species to produce carbapenemases in their country.
Overall, K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (KPC)
have attained the widest distribution...The true extent of CPE occurrence in
Europe is still underestimated.”