Cole, M., et al. (2014). Emerging cephalosporin and multidrug-resistant gonorrhea in
Europe. Surveillance and Outbreak Reports. 19(45). pg. 1-5.
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V19N45/art20955.pdf
- “Since 2009 the European gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programme
(Euro-GASP) has been running as a sentinel surveillance system across Member
States of the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) to
monitor antimicrobial susceptibility in N. gonorrhoeae.” - “During 2011 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected from 21 participating
countries...the rate of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin resistance was 48.7% and
5.3%, respectively.”
Collignon, P., Athukorala, P-C, Senanayake, S. and Khan, F. (2015). Antimicrobial
resistance: The major contribution of poor governance and corruption to this growing
problem. PLOS One. pg. 1-13.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0116746
- “Increasing resistance involves nearly all bacteria that infect people, including
very common ones such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.” - “Poor infection control, poor water sanitation and poor hygiene all facilitate the
spread of resistant bacteria from person to person. The majority of antibiotic
usage worldwide is in food animals. This usage leads to the development of
resistant bacteria, which spread to people via the food chain and/or water.” - “Only 28% of the total variation in antibiotic resistance among countries is
attributable to variation in antibiotic usage...However when the control of
corruption indicator is included as an additional variable, 63% of the total
variation in antibiotic resistance is now explained by the regression...indicating
that corruption is the main socioeconomic factor that explains antibiotic
resistance.”
Collignon, P., Power, J., Chiller, T. M., et al. (2009). World Health Organization
ranking of antimicrobials according to their importance in human medicine: a critical
step for developing risk management strategies for the use of antimicrobials in food
production animals. Clinical Infectious Disease. 49(1). pg. 132-41.
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/1/132.long
- “Improved management of the use of antimicrobials in food animals, particularly
reducing the usage of those that are ‘critically important’ for human medicine, is
an important step toward preserving the benefits of antimicrobials for people.”