Gao, P., Nie, X., Zou, M., et al (2011). Recent advances in materials for extended-
release antibiotic delivery system. The Journal of Antibiotics. 64. pg. 625-34.
- “By maintaining a constant plasma drug concentration over MIC for a prolonged
period, extended-release dosage forms maximize the therapeutic effect of
antibiotics while minimizing antibiotic resistance. Another undoubted advantage
of extended-release formulation is improved patient compliance.” - “This review highlights the development of materials used in extended-release
formulation and nanoparticles for antibiotic delivery.” - “Incomplete treatment may aggravate the development of antibiotic resistance.
Many antibiotics have short half life values and need to be administered
frequently, which also contributes to patient incompliance.” - “Until now, only few nanoparticle-based antimicrobial agents have been
approved for clinical use. The limitation of their application is mainly caused by
the high cost and unsatisfactory drug loading...[it is hoped that] ‘nanoparticle-
based’ extended-release antibiotic delivery...will come to sight in the future.” - No mention of the future possibility of antibiotic winters.
Gardam, M. (2000). Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus an emerging
community pathogen? A review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Infectious
Disease and Medicine. 11(4). pg. 202-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094767/
- Yes, even by 2000 AD.
- “MRSA has emerged over the past 30 years to become a worldwide nosocomial
pathogen and has recently been reported as a cause of community-acquired
infections.” - “The changing epidemiology of MRSA is likely because of two mechanisms:
the movement of nosocomial MRSA strains into the community and the de novo
appearance of community strains resulting from the transfer of genetic material
from methicillin-resistant Gram-positive organisms to sensitive S aureus strains.” - “The emergence of MRSA as a community pathogen has occurred at a slower
rate than it did for penicillin-resistant S aureus (PRSA) in the 1950s and 1960s,
possibly because the mechanism of methicillin resistance does not exhibit the
same ease of transferability as that of penicillin resistance.” - “It appears, however, that MRSA strains of both nosocomial and community
origin are now endemic in certain communities in different parts of the world.
Few surveillance studies of non-hospitalized patient populations have been
performed to date; thus, the true prevalence of MRSA in the community at large
is essentially unknown.”