- “Nevertheless, the effect of antibiotics on the biosphere is wider than this and
can impact the structure and activity of environmental microbiota.”
Martinez, J. L. (2012). Natural antibiotic resistance and contamination by antibiotic
resistance determinants: The two ages in the evolution of resistance to antimicrobials.
Frontiers in Microbiology. 3. pg. 1.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257838/
Masse, D. I., Cata Saady, N. M. and Gilbert, Y. (2014). Potential of biological
processes to eliminate antibiotics in livestock manure: An overview. Animals. 4. pg.
146-163. http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/4/2/146/pdf
- “Beside their use to treat infections, antibiotics are used excessively as growth
promoting factors in livestock industry. Animals discharge in their feces and
urine between 70% - 90% of the antibiotic administrated unchanged or in active
metabolites. Because livestock manure is re-applied to land as a fertilizer,
concerns are growing over spread of antibiotics in water and soil.” - Anaerobic digestion [has the potential] to degrade antibiotics in livestock
manure.”
Mathur, S. and Singh, R. (2005). Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria-a
review. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 105(3). pg. 281-95.
- “Many investigators have speculated that commensal bacteria including lactic
acid bacteria (LAB) may act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes similar to
those found in human pathogens. The main threat associated with these bacteria
is that they can transfer resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria.” - “Distinction between intrinsic and acquired resistance is difficult as it is not
possible to trace an investigated strain into the preantibiotic era.” - “There is no barrier between pathogenic (e.g. streptococci), potentially
pathogenic (e.g. enterococci) and commensal (e.g. enteric lactobacilli,
lactococci) LAB regarding acquired resistances.” - “LAB, like all other bacteria are prone to gene exchange to enhance survival in
antibiotic containing environments.”
Mauldin, P. D., Salgado, C. D., Hansen, I. S., et al. (2010). Attributable hospital cost
and length of stay associated with health care-associated infections caused by
antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
54(1). pg. 109-115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798544/