Riesenfeld, C., Goodman, R., and Handelsman, J. (2004). Uncultured soil bacteria are a
reservoir of new antibiotic resistance genes. Environmental Microbiology. 6(9). Pg.
981-989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15305923
- “Antibiotic resistance genes are typically isolated by cloning from cultured
bacteria or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification from
environmental samples.” - “Based on the predicted amino acid sequences of the resistance genes the
resistance mechanisms include efflux of tetracycline and inactivation of
aminoglycoside antibiotics by phosphorylation and acetylation.” - “The results indicate that soil bacteria are a reservoir of antibiotic resistance
genes with greater genetic diversity than previously accounted for.”
Rizzo, L., Manaia, C., Merlin, C. et al. (2013). Urban wastewater treatment plants as
hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a
review. Science of the Total Environment. 447. pg. 345-60.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713000429
- “Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the main sources of
antibiotics’ release into the environment. The occurrence of antibiotics may
promote the selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic
resistant bacteria(ARB).” - “The mechanisms by which biological processes influence the
development/selection of ARB and ARGs transfer are still poorly understood.” - “Some studies showed that conventional UWTPs may positively affect ARB
spread and selection as well as ARG transfer.” - “Demonstrating ARG transfer in complex environments remains a difficult task
although indispensable for an adequate risk assessment of resistance spread in
UWTPs.” - “All known types of antibiotic resistance mechanisms are represented in UWTP,
suggesting the relevance of these facilities as reservoirs and environmental
suppliers of genetic determinants of resistance.”
Rosenfeld, W. and ZoBell, C. (1947). Antibiotic production by marine organisms.
Journal of Bacteriology. 54. pg. 393-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526565/
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resistance in soil bacteria: Aquifer column experiments. Water Research. 38. pg. 3705-