Salyers, A. A., Gupta, A. and Wang, Y. (2004). Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs
for antibiotic resistance genes. Trends in Microbiology. 12. pg. 412-6.
http://www.congrex.ch/2006/escmidschool2006/pdf/edu_mat_2006_13.pdf
Salyers, A. A. and Whitt, D. D. (2005). Revenge of the microbes: How bacterial
resistance is undermining the antibiotic miracle. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11(10).
- “Provides the scientific information readers will need to form opinions and make
informed decisions regarding the use of antibiotics. Examines specific antibiotics
and controversies in a real-life context; presents accounts of positions on all sides
of the public policy debate; and discusses less common issues such as what
happens to antibiotics once they are released into the environment.”
Sapkota, A., Lefferts, L., McKenzie, S., et al. (2007). What do we feed to food-
production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on
human health. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115. pg. 663-70.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867957/
Sapkota, A., et al. (2011). Lower prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Enterococci on U.S.
conventional poultry farms that transitioned to organic processes. Environmental
Health Perspectives. 119(11). pg. 1622-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3226496/
- “The voluntary removal of antibiotics from large-scale U.S. poultry farms that
transition to organic practices is associated with a lower prevalence of antibiotic-
resistant and MDR Enterococcus.” - “Organic certification standards need to be met before the first day of life. Thus,
some breeder facilities that supply eggs to hatcheries, and hatcheries that
ultimately produce “organic” chicks, do not have to meet any organic standards
and can therefore use antibiotics among breeder stocks and inject antibiotics into
eggs. These practices can result in exposures to antibiotics among “organic”
broilers before the first day of life.” - “Organic broilers can be exposed to antibiotic-resistant bacteria through feed and
water. In U.S. conventional poultry production, antibiotics are administered for
therapeutic, prophylactic, and non-therapeutic purposes...The use of
antimicrobials in conventional U.S. poultry production (on a per bird basis)
increased by 307% from 1985 to the late 1990’s, with the use of nontherapeutic
antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) accounting for a significant portion of
this use (Mellon et al. 2001).”
Sarmah, A., Myer, M. and Boxall, A. (2006). A global perspective on the use, sales,
exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the