- “Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are also abundant in manure from animals with no
history of antibiotic treatment, indicating the natural presence of bacteria
intrinsically resistant to antibiotics in animal gastrointestinal tracts.”
Unemo, Magnus and Nicholas, Robert. (2014). Emergence of multidrug-resistant,
extensively drug-resistant and untreatable gonorrhea. Future Microbiology. 7(12). pg.
- “The new superbug Neisseria gonorrhoeae has retained resistance to
antimicrobials previously recommended for first-line treatment and has now
demonstrated its capacity to develop resistance to the extended-spectrum
cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, the last remaining option for first-line empiric
treatment of gonorrhea. An era of untreatable gonorrhea may be approaching,
which represents an exceedingly serious public health problem. Herein, we
review the evolution, origin and spread of antimicrobial resistance and resistance
determinants (with a focus on extended-spectrum cephalosporins) in N.
gonorrhoeae, detail the current situation regarding verified treatment failures
with extended-spectrum cephalosporins and future treatment options, and
highlight essential actions to meet the large public health challenge that arises
with the possible emergence of untreatable gonorrhea. Essential actions include:
implementing action/response plans globally and nationally; enhancing
surveillance of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance, treatment failures and
antimicrobial use/misuse; and improving prevention, early diagnosis and
treatment of gonorrhea. Novel treatment strategies, antimicrobials (or other
compounds) and, ideally, a vaccine must be developed.”United States Department of Agriculture. (2011). Antimicrobial resistance. USDA
Food Safety Research Information Office.
http://www.motherearthnews.com/blogs/~/media/8AFD51289F9843528658597B0F99F
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- “Microbial populations acquire AMR through two main mechanisms. These
include: Mutation...Gene Transfer...by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) which is
mediated by three mechanisms: Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction.” - This article also includes information on “Natural Reservoirs and
Transmission,”... “Detection Methods (Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing),”...
“Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance” and “Foodborne Disease
Outbreaks.” - Includes an extensive bibliography.