- confucian dynamism is met with in countries of the Far East, some regions of
Africa and the Middle East; it comes with long-term orientation, persistence,
prosperity, and a strong sense of duty. Cultures with short-term orientation
give great importance to self-image, reputation, dignity, and prestige.
Six mental models conditioning people’s action and behaviour (ibid):
- the competition model specific to highly competitive cultures, with short power
distance, high individualism and masculinity, and a slight need to avoid
uncertainty; - the network model is based on consensus, and presupposes short power
distance, individualism and femininity, popular participation in decision-
making; - the family model is based on loyalty and hierarchy, long power distance,
collectivism and masculinity, loyalty to the reference group; - the pyramid model is based on loyalty, hierarchy, and order, with a long power
distance, oriented towards collectivism and avoiding uncertainty; - the solar system model defines cultures with strong hierarchies and impersonal
bureaucracy, characterized by power distance and individualism; - the “well-oiled machine” model is met in cultures that set a high value on
order, defined by short power distance, high need to avoid uncertainty, and
scrupulous obedience of procedures and rules.
Migration and attitudes with respect to it
As regards motivations behind migration, the International Migration Organization
identifies two factor categories (Launikari and Puukari, 2005): attraction of the
destination country (higher income, better living conditions, experience of the
immigrants, good employment prospects, and more individual freedom); rejection of the
country of origin (wars or ethnic conflicts, famine, natural disasters).
Socio-economic factors causing intolerance towards minorities (Launikari and Puukari,
2005):
- experience of unemployment, deterioration in personal situation and social
and professional prospects; - low education (the lower, the higher the intolerance);
- no relatives (becoming related to people from minority groups considerably
diminishes racist and xenophobic attitudes); - political affiliation (right-wing people harbour more radical attitudes towards
minorities).