Experimental
No experimental questions related to this chapter have appeared on the AP exam in recent years.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Be sure not to confuse wavelength and frequency.
- The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m/s. The exponent is positive.
- The value of nis never zero.
- The values of land mlinclude zero.
- Do not confuse velocity (v) and frequency (n).
Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons 141
z y x z y x z y x
z
x
z y x z y x
z y x z y x z y x
s orbital
(a)
pz orbital px orbital py orbital
(b)
dxz orbital dxy orbital dyz orbital
dz 2 orbital dx (^2) −y 2 orbital
(c)
Figure 10.3 The shapes of the s, p, and d atomic orbitals.
STRATEGY
TIP