intermediatesIntermediates are chemical species
that are produced and consumed during the reac-
tion, but that do not appear in the overall reaction.
intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces are
attractive or repulsive forces between molecules
caused by partial charges.
ion–dipole intermolecular forceIon–dipole inter-
molecular forces are attractive forces that occur
between ions and polar molecules.
ion-induced dipole intermolecular forces Ion-
induced dipole intermolecular forces are attractive
forces that occur between an ion and a nonpolar
molecule.
ion-product The ion-product has the same form as
the solubility product constant, but represents
a system that is not at equilibrium.
ionic bond Ionic bonds result from some metal
losing electrons to form cations and some non-
metal gaining those electrons to form an anion.
ionic equation The ionic equation shows the solu-
ble reactants and products in the form of ions.
ionic solids Ionic solids have their lattices composed
of ions held together by the attraction of opposite
charges of the ions.
ionization energy The ionization energy (IE) is the
energy needed to completely remove an electron
from an atom in the vapor state.
isoelectronic Isoelectronic means having the same
electronic configuration.
isomers Isomers are compounds that have the
same molecular formulas but different structural
formulas.
isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element
(same number of protons) that have differing
numbers of neutrons.
joule (J) The joule is the SI unit of energy.
kinetic energyKinetic energy is energy of motion.
Kinetic Molecular Theory The Kinetic Molecular
Theory attempts to represent the properties of
gases by modeling the gas particles themselves at
the microscopic level.
kinetics Kinetics is the study of the speed of
reactions.
Law of Conservation of Matter The Law of
Conservation of Matter says that, in ordinary
chemical reactions, matter is neither created nor
destroyed.
Lewis electron-dot structure The Lewis electron-
dot structure is a structural formula that repre-
sents the element and its valence electrons.
Le Cha^telier’s principleLe Cha^telier’s principle
states that if a chemical system at equilibrium is
stressed (disturbed), it will reestablish equilibrium
by shifting of the reactions involved.
limiting reactant The limiting reactant is the
reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction.
line spectrumA line spectrum is a series of fine lines
of colors representing wavelengths of photons that
are characteristic of a particular element.
liquidA liquid is a state of matter that has a definite
volume but no definite shape.
macromoleculesMacromolecules are extremely
large molecules.
magnetic quantum number (ml) The magnetic
quantum number describes the orientation of the
orbital around the nucleus.
main-group elementsMain-group elements are the
groups on the periodic table that are labeled 1–2
and 13–18.
manometer A manometer is an instrument used to
measure the gas pressure inside a container.
mass number The mass number is the sum of the
protons and neutrons in an atom.
mass percentThe mass percentage of a solution is the
mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solu-
tion and then multiplied by 100% to get percentage.
mass-volume percentThe mass/volume percent of
a solution is the mass of the solute divided by the
volume of the solution and then multiplied by
100% to yield percentage.
mechanism The mechanism is the sequence of steps
that a reaction undergoes in going from reactants
to products.
melting point The temperature at which a solid
converts into the liquid state is called the melting
point (m.p.) of the solid.
metallic bondingIn metallic bonding the electrons
of the atoms are delocalized and are free to move
throughout the entire solid.
metallic solidsMetallic solids have metal atoms
occupying the crystal lattice and held together by
metallic bonding.
metalloidsMetalloids are a group of elements that
have properties of both metals and non-metals.
metals Metals are normally solids (mercury being
an exception), shiny, and good conductors of heat
and electricity. They can be hammered into thin
sheets (malleable) and extruded into wires
(ductile). Chemically, metals tend to lose
electrons in reactions.362 Glossary