ΔG°=ΔH°−TΔS°
=−RTin K=−2.303 RTlog K
=−nFE°
ΔG=ΔG°+RTln Q=ΔG°+2.303 RTlog Q
q=mcΔT
Cp=ΔH/ΔT
Light and Electrons
E=energy ν=frequency l=wavelength
p=momentum v=velocity n=principal quantum number
m=mass E=hν c=lν l=h/mv p=mv
En=(−2.178 × l0−^18 /n^2 )J
Speed of light, c=3.0 × 108 ms−^1
Planck’s constant, h=6.63 × 10 −^34 Js
Solutions
π=osmotic pressure
i=van’t Hoff factor
Kf=molal freezing-point depression constant
Kb=molal boiling-point elevation constant
Kffor water =1.86 K kg mol−^1
Kbfor water =0.512 K kg mol−^1
ΔTf=iKf×molality
ΔTb=iKb×molality
π=MRT
Molarity, M=moles solute per liter solution
Molality, m=moles solute per kilogram solvent
Kinetics
ln[A]t−ln[A]o = −kt
Ea=activation energy
k=rate constant
A=frequency factor
Electrochemistry
I=current (amperes) q=charge (coulombs)
E°=standard reduction potential K=equilibrium constant
Faraday’s constant, F=96,500 coulombs per mole of electrons
EE
RT
nF
QE
cell n
=− ln =
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k a ln
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−=
368 Exam Resources